Social Learning Theory and juvenile delinquency

Presentation The motivation behind this exposition is to inspect the experimental investigations of the Social Learning Theory on adolescent misconduct. Adolescent wrongdoing involves the term that is utilized to disclose to youngsters who have not accomplished dominant part age and are engaged with carrying out violations. Misconduct alludes to the inability to keep laws that are set by the state.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Social Learning Theory and adolescent wrongdoing explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the sociological part of criminology, social collaborations and independence are the variables behind the adolescent wrongdoing. As a rule, society doesn't exist as an island but instead various individual collaborates and this guarantees the general public keeps on existing. The social connection hypothesis and adolescent wrongdoing have been composed broadly throughout the years and the examinations have end up bei ng intelligently steady and furthermore valuable in offering the observational help. In this manner, the investigations assume a significant job of clarifying all the social practices without which it is difficult to clarify the reasons for adolescent wrongdoing. The experimental investigations of the Social Learning Theory on adolescent wrongdoing assists with giving a knowledge on the past, present just as the fate of criminology for example the investigation reveals insight into the future bearings of social communication hypothesis. The fundamental point of social association speculations on adolescent misconduct is to clarify how such social impacts as religion, family and governmental issues shapes an individual after some time. The social communication speculations on adolescent misconduct expect that transaction exists between an individual, the earth and reprobate acts. Logical ideas of social connection speculations on adolescent misconduct The social cooperation hypothesi s on adolescent wrongdoing is contained four fundamental informative ideas for example the differential affiliation hypothesis, definitions hypothesis, impersonation hypothesis and differential support hypothesis. Separation affiliation hypothesis is a social cooperation hypothesis that was planned by Edwin Sutherland. As per this hypothesis, individuals creates degenerate practices by connecting and connecting themselves with the individuals who draws in themselves in freak conduct for example one can learn positive or negative conduct through connection. Sutherland in his Differentiation Association Theory contended that adolescent misconduct is brought about by perception and social connection. As per this hypothesis one is regarded to act in a degenerate way because of relationship with bunch individuals who favor adolescent misconduct than those individuals who esteem the cultural standards. This hypothesis, additionally contends that the familiy unit is the significant wellspr ing of learning behaviors.Thus,if ones’ familiy unit is comprised of individuals who are occupied with freak practices, at that point one will undoubtedly build up a similar sort of behaviors.Advertising Looking for inquire about paper on criminal law? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Also,the hypothesis contends that one learns certain standards and practices through the web, broad communications e.t.c. planning the differential affiliation hypothesis, Sutherland utilized three ideas for example the way of life struggle, social transmission hypothesis and the biological transmission hypothesis. The way of life struggle idea clarifies the nearness of numerous violations in the general public and furthermore the advancement towards turning into a crook. Sutherland’s hypothesis is along these lines significant as it assists with clarifying the adolescent wrongdoing in the general public (Morrison, 1995, P.51). De finitions hypothesis was created by Aker and it alludes to a person’s directions, clarifications, defenses e.t.c. that discloses with regards to whether ethically right or off base. Definitions hypothesis of adolescent misconduct is along these lines the procedure whereby one assesses the legitimacy or misleading quality of a specific activity. As per this hypothesis. The law definitions might be explicit or general for example an individual may obey law by and large and thus abuse explicit arrangements of the law. Definitions are included practices that are found out because of associations and other cultural standards that accommodates the reprobate demonstrations. Explicit definitions render one to act in a specific way and the more one learns explicit or general mentalities, the higher the odds of taking part in misconduct acts (Krohn et.al. 2009, P.104). Impersonations hypothesis of adolescent wrongdoing alludes to the procedure whereby one mirrors social attributes of o thers by watching them. The impersonation hypothesis of social misconduct was demonstrated by Gabriel Tarde who a French criminologist.Tarde was held the view that the territorial contrasts that exists in crime percentages are because of nearby varieties for example liquor addiction and neediness and not because of organic elements. Tarde likewise contended that adolescent wrongdoing is a way of life that is found out through social interaction.Tarde in his impersonation laws contended that adolescent misconduct is an element of collaborating with individuals who have degenerate practices. With this respects, a criminal experiences through periods of apprenticeship which is like that of a legal counselor or a specialist. Tarde concocted three laws that gave a record to the impersonations and adolescent wrongdoing. The first imitations’ law holds that individuals will in general copy others when they are close to each other. Along these lines, impersonation is prominent in man y urban areas and towns that are thickly populated. The second impersonation law holds that those individuals who are inferiors will in general mirror their bosses. With this respects, adolescent wrongdoing begins from the bosses and later on, slips to bring down ranks.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Social Learning Theory and adolescent misconduct explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The third impersonation law by Tarde holds that, it is conceivable to substitute forms especially when the two emerges simultaneously. The impersonation hypothesis of adolescent wrongdoing likewise held the view that violations starts in the capital urban areas. For example, carjacking, psychological militant exercises and other significant violations are common in metropolitan urban communities rather than provincial territories. Differential support hypothesis of adolescent wrongdoing is worried about the equalization that exists between the disciplines a nd rewards that happens following a specific conduct. This parity assumes an essential job in empowering people to carry on in a specific manner.Thus,the more the compensations for adolescent misconduct, the higher the inclination to perpetrate a wrongdoing and the other way around. Fortifications and disciplines can be nonsocial for example the immediate outcomes of liquor addiction and medications misuse. Causal components of adolescent misconduct The young people utilize the social communications among themselves as a way to carry out violations. The social connections are a worry among numerous guardians as they dread that their kids may relate themselves in terrible organization and thusly submit reprobate acts. The social cooperation among the freak young people goes about as a methods through which the adolescents impact one another. The social learning speculations that are introduced by Akers, Sutherland and Marza clarify that adolescent wrongdoings happen in causal terms. The causal parts of adolescent wrongdoing incorporate the individual contrasts, social structures, social variables and social mental (Burfeind, Bartusch, 2006, P.66).The singular contrasts incorporates the mental and organic components. Different investigations of the social communication hypothesis on adolescent wrongdoing uncover that the familiy connection assumes a significant job of advancing practices among small kids. High severity and low help adds to adolescent misconducts for example they causes an expansion in post-discipline of the demonstrations that were recently prohibited. Character is interrelated with one’s vulnerability to reward or discipline and accordingly, the extraverts are normally more averse to get freak practices. Then again, solid molding has the impact of causing restraint of criminal practices especially in situations that energize adolescent delinquency.Thus,the accomplishment of social obligation and mingled depends is generally subject to on es’ contingency. The investigations have likewise considered IQ among guilty parties be the primary purpose for adolescent misconduct (Kim, 2008, P.23). The social variables of adolescent wrongdoing incorporate the imbalances and openings. Destitution and imbalance has the impact of baffling youngsters and thus making them take part in crimes. This is because of the way that, they for the most part feel that disparity exist between what others have and what the young accept they should have. As indicated by social control hypothesis, misconduct emerges when the social bonds are broken.Advertising Searching for investigate paper on criminal law? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Travis Hirsch in his examination concocted four components of social obligations of an individual for example connection, duty, contribution and conviction. Connection is made of such perspectives as affectability and friendship for other people. As per Travis, duty remembered such goes about as contributing for regular social orders. Inclusion involves investing a lot of energy in customary obligations though the conviction is the degree whereupon the adolescents feel they ought to submit to the laws. As indicated by Hirsch’s ,one is more averse to participate in crimes on the off chance that the person is firmly appended to the educators or parents.Also,a youngster who has devoted their exertion and time in schools’ traditional action is probably going to accommodate and once in a while takes part in reprobate acts. However,Hirschi utilized observational information that was gotten from the teenagers self reports in testing his investigation of juveni

Cultural theory and images Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social hypothesis and pictures - Essay Example This view is even more conceivable considering the perceivability of just four fingers and the absence of balance between the different sides of the face †highlights that are normal for uncleanliness. The social foundation of the watcher will likewise bear on the impression accumulated, for sickness as a dangerous infection is increasingly regular in tropical and sub-tropical climes. Along these lines, for an European-Caucasian watcher, the work of art may discuss intense and terminal phases of tuberculosis. Similarly tenable is the translation that the portrayal is that of a survivor in war, with his face harmed by a bomb impact. The image titled Duck/Rabbit, 1899 is very intriguing. For those now mindful of the title, the initial introduction may be either that of a duck or a hare however not both. The spectator, after recognizing the duck, may proceed to examine the better subtleties of the picture, as far as the size and state of the brush strokes utilized. He/she may likewise take a gander at the highly contrasting differentiation adequately utilized by the painter. The equivalent is material to the watcher who sees the bunny first. In any case, endless supply of the title Duck/Rabbit would the watcher be squeezed to locate the other creature implanted inside. The social foundation of the watcher will undoubtedly negligibly affect observation, for the subject is generally basic and direct. The virtuoso of the painter lay less in social sensibilities but rather more in the cunning innovative origination of the mirror impact between the two creatures. The picture Weegee, Their First Murder, 1941 is very intricate, in that, every person in the photograph gives an alternate articulation. Some jump as though in torment, while other show a trace of a grin, and some others simply show interest, making solitary understanding an exhausting undertaking. The main grown-up in the picture is the carefully dressed woman, other are young men and young ladies of changing ages. In any case, in light of the dressing and

Buddhism in China and Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Buddhism in China and Japan - Essay Example In actuality, it accepts that change is ordinary and all together for an individual to accomplish a condition of otherworldly fulfillment he needs to act ethically and follow the lessons that are intended to assist him with living through his long lasting concerns with no disarray. There are two significant factions built up everywhere throughout the world, Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism. Sovereign Asoka the Great grasped Buddhism after the war of Kalinga. In the third century, he put forth attempts to get the message out of Buddhism and sent preachers toward the North West area of India, which is Pakistan and Afghanistan of today. Out of the numerous religions built up in China around then, Taoism was one of them. Because of likenesses in the Taoist lessons and Buddhism, regarding otherworldliness and reflection, the idea was invited well by the Chinese and soon it turned out to be broadly polished by the individuals. In the 6th century, the message of Buddhism arrived at Korea and Japan. Buddhist sacred writings were interpreted broadly everywhere throughout the world. Because of verifiable and sociological reasons, Buddhist practices in China vary from those in Japan. Zen is a type of reflection proposed by Buddhism. In any case, the approaches to accomplish the condition of nirvana are distinctive in both China and Japan. Additionally, Japanese have combined this religion with that of the overarching Shinto, which includes the incorporation of a few divine beings. This isn't the situation in China, where the idea of God in Buddhism is missing. Be that as it may, the principle convictions continue as before. Just the way to accomplish the objective are

Choosing the Right Paper and Envelope Sets

Choosing the Right Paper and Envelope SetsWriting paper and envelope sets are used to make a great impression on your date. It could be because of the high school or college student, you are going out with, or a more mature woman or man. They can also work in other areas such as business, if you are trying to impress a client.Paper and envelope sets come in many shapes and sizes. You will want to make sure that they are easy to carry, so they don't get lost and you always have them when you need them. Most of them will include envelopes with either a top or bottom flap, depending on which one you choose.They can also come in sheets or rolls, which is great if you need to store them for a long time. You can go with one color or have a few colors to choose from. If you are going to use a few colors, you will want to make sure they are light enough to see through, but are dark enough not to show up on the paper.Many of these paper and envelope sets come with either a computer printout o f the design, which is called being lasered, or a coloring pen drawing. You can find them on the Internet or at an office supply store. Some of them come with an adhesive strip, others are available for you to stick on your envelope without.These paper and envelope sets came in many different styles and designs. Depending on your needs, you can choose the size, shape, and design that are best for you. The sizes range from the standard 2 piece and one piece for a dinner invitation, to the single-side writing set for a class project. There are even so-called two-sided sets that will fit on one side and the other in the same envelope.The different styles of paper and envelope sets can be used for just about anything. Whether you are doing a writing paper and envelope set for your son's graduation or your daughter's wedding, they will look great. Depending on what you are using it for, you will be able to find something that is perfect for your needs.Having good quality writing paper an d envelope sets can save you a lot of money. They are also durable, so you can use them over again for other events as well. It is nice to have a few around so you don't have to stop by the store every once in a while to purchase paper and envelopes.When you are ready to buy a few paper and envelope sets, you can shop online, in stores, or in person. It is nice to shop in person, because you will have the convenience of seeing the paper and envelope sets you want to buy. For those that like to do their shopping online, they can do the same and still have the convenience of shopping online with all the bells and whistles that are available.

Biomedical Ethics - Free Essay Example

In every advanced democratic industry, there exists a right to health care. This is because the whole population has the right to provide public health protection where there is a risk of injury, the disease as well as life security on medical issues. There is institution that is put in place to provide the assurance for the people who don’t have money to pay for it. The poor and middle-class people in the United State have no life insurance cover but the state provides them the right to emergencies services. Other developing countries gives right for health care by creating policies which do not necessarily meet the health care to be fully a need in the population. There are variety of health care systems that embodied the regal right for health care (Manning et al, 2007). This ranges from government providing health care services and providing national health services. There is a great different type of legal right where the degree the insurance covers the person varies from type of mental health reproductive technologies, and long term services care. There are positive and negative rights that are given as medical care’s where the positive right requires a favor to the right bearer while the negative right requires a refrain from doing something harmful to the right bearer (Manning et al, 2007). This is given for instance that a person requires going beyond what is allocated but he feels that he can go past that to get his right of doing it. On refrain, the access to the health right should be given equally to all people without determining what one have. The nation tried to change the health care system and make sure that all citizens are having an access to affordable health insurance. Healthcare important contribution protects the open opportunities for individuals for it protect the normal functioning of every individual and make all people equal competitors and cooperators.

The Effectiveness of Violence in The Stranger - Literature Essay Samples

Albert Camuss novel The Stranger is an extremely explicit work describing violent acts witnessed by a narrator who seems to be wholly unaffected by their brutality. The novel begins with death Mamman died today (3) and ends with the presumed demise of Meursault, the main character. The body of the work contains numerous bloody acts: the premeditated abuse of an ex-girlfriend, gratuitous cruelty towards a pet dog, a street fight, and a disagreement that ultimately climaxes with a murder on an Algerian beach. The Stranger presents a startling look at what it means to be a human, to live, and to have the ability to take anothers life. Camuss steadfast depiction of violence reveals the inner attitudes of his characters towards life and death.The Stranger is categorically absurdist: Camus conveys the view that human existence is without order, and his work criticizes a culture that seeks to find meaning in a meaningless world. Camus reveals two contrasting views of human life: socie tys and Meursaults. Society seeks to find explanations for unanswerable questions. In the microcosmic courtroom of Meursaults trial, for example, the jurors and the lawyers continually focus on why Meursault killed the Arab, and why he is so indifferent about his mothers death. Why? the magistrate demands, You must tell me-why? (68) Meursault, knowing that he can offer no true answer, provides an absurd explanation simply to abate the flow of probing questioners: it was, he says, because of the sun (103). If society represents the quest for what is normal and correct, then Meursault stands for the absurd. Meursault is different from the other characters in the novel (he is, in fact, a stranger) in that he is extremely removed from reality. He delights in the corporeal, such as food and sex, but does not seem to feel as others do. In contrast to societys faith in the value of a human life, Meursault argues, everybody knows life isnt worth living (114) and one life is as good as another (41). When his mother passes away, he shows little regret or loss save for his physical discomfort from the heat and sun. Camus juxtaposes two contrasting ideals one that judges life as good, wholesome, and meaningful; another that classifies human existence as pointless, absurd, and chaotic. It is because of this theme of trivial nothingness vs. validity and worth that Camuss utilization of violence is so effective. The way in which the characters react to violence reveals their inner thoughts and views of life. Meursault, for example, is a detached character. There are several instances in The Stranger that echo the idea of estrangement and apathy about human life, especially with regards to violence. When Raymond asks Meursault to help him carry out a plan to humiliate and assault his ex-girlfriend, Meursault does it because [he] didnt have any reason not to please [Raymond] (32). During another incident, Meursault alludes to the abuse of his neighbors dog, bu t fails to indicate any emotion, either for or against the violence. Raymond is another detached character; he freely beats a woman and then shows no regret. He seems to share Mersaults remoteness from violence and death. Raymond nonchalantly remarks upon the passing of Meursaults mother that its one of those things that was bound to happen sooner or later (33) a statement with which Meursault agrees. In contrast, Marie is a character who views life as meritorious. She is very affected by the beating of Raymonds ex-girlfriend, so much so that she cannot eat afterwards during her lunch with Meursault. Meursault, however, [eats] almost everything (37). During the trial, Marie testifies that she was disturbed and upset when Meursault freely fraternized with her so soon after his mothers funeral. The chaplain who is a staunch believer in God, human worth, and salvation provides one more contrast to the absurdist view of humanity, whose crucifix is symbolic of Gods overwhelming g uidance in the world and the existence of reason and order. During scenes of violence or unease, Camus does not allow the reader to undermine the importance of the physical realm. From the very beginning of The Stranger, Camus urges his audience to experience death and violence through color. Countless references to red shades pique the readers psyche and denote a certain frenzied sense of displacement and detachment. When Meursault murders the Arab on the beach, he notes the crimson hues of the sky and the sand: the fiery air (58), dazzling red glare (56), and blazing red sand (53). Camus employs the use of color to detract from the emotional outcomes of violence and move the focus towards the physical. Therefore, the reader becomes further aligned with Meursaults logic and can more easily understand why he does the things that he does. The Stranger tackles complex issues regarding the value of human existence. Camuss use of violence unmasks his characters perception of indivi dual worth. The novel seeks to dethrone traditional beliefs that deem life as wholesome, important, and meaningful. Indeed, this is a disturbing work that spares no costs to deliver a raw and candid example of what Camus termed the nakedness of man faced with the absurd.

Recognition and Legalization of Same-sex Marriage

Introduction Equality is a prominent topic of debate. Although the gay and lesbian community has progressed, the fight for equality remains. Recognition and legalization of same-sex marriage still falls within the minority rule amongst the states, but will soon be the majority. California , Delaware , Connecticut , Hawaii , Illinois , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Minnesota , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New Mexico , New York , Rhode Island , Vermont , Washington , Iowa , and Washington D.C. are marriage equality states. Colorado , Oregon , Nevada , and Wisconsin laws allow gay and lesbian couples to enter into a domestic partnership or civil union. I hope that other states, particularly states in the South, will follow suit in†¦show more content†¦In the second section, I will discuss the current state of the law in Louisiana regarding public policy, adoption, and custody. In the third section, I will address California’s enactment of laws and relevant case law protec ting gay and lesbian parental rights. In conclusion, I will suggest that Louisiana adopt laws similar to California’s that include protections for the growing number of gay and lesbian parents in the state. Constitutional Rights to Parent The United States Supreme Court has repeatedly established, â€Å"[p]arents have a constitutionally protected liberty interest in making decisions about the care, custody, and control of their children.† Troxel is a third party visitation case, stemming from a Washington statute, where the paternal grandparents filed for visitation of their granddaughters, after the suicide of their son. At the state level, the grandparents won visitation. The children’s mother appealed their decision on the ground that the state unconstitutionally infringed on her fundamental parental liberty interest. The United States Supreme Court found the application of the third party visitation statute in question to unconstitutionally infringe on the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Reasoning that the Washington statute permitting any person to petition for visitation was overbroad, and the trial court failed to recognize the presumption that a fit parent acts in their child’sShow MoreRelatedLegalization Of Same Sex Marriage Essay963 Words   |  4 PagesKaye Shannelle Romuar Alfritz Arevalo Angelika Figueroa Legalization of Same-Sex Marriage I. Introduction Same-sex marriage can also be called gay marriage. This is a marriage between two males or two females, in either a religious setting or in a civil ceremony. Same-sex unions are recorded in the history of a number of cultures but this type of marriage is rare, or doesn’t exist in other cultures .The first law that provided same-sex marriage for the people was in 2001 in the Netherlands. As of JulyRead MoreThe Legal Issues Of Gay Marriage1626 Words   |  7 PagesGay marriage is marriage involving two persons of the same sex is a man and a man or a woman and a woman. It can be seen as a phrase that is used by the Government, social and religious groups to have the recognition of marriage between two persons of the same sex. There is a social movement, so that people can get their rights and responsibilities in countries like the United States of America. Legal issues involved in this type of marriage have been made to the procedures of the federal GovernmentRead MoreShould Sa me-Sex Marriage Be Legalized in Hong Kong?1095 Words   |  5 PagesShould same-sex marriage be legalized in Hong Kong? In recent years, more homosexual people have come out to disclose their sexual orientation. Gays and lesbians may even feel pride and have higher self-esteem instead of having shame. People in Hong Kong generally are more open-minded now. There is no legal recognition of same-sex marriage in Hong Kong. In many countries or regions, the legalization of same-sex marriage is already implemented. Therefore, some may say that same-sex marriage shouldRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal Essay1348 Words   |  6 PagesMarriage is a commitment between two people who love each other and have chosen to spend the rest of their lives together, this is a pretty standard view of marriage. How that commitment looks from culture to culture can be very different. In the United States, today, marriage is viewed as a commitment of love and loyalty. Legally it is a binding contract between two people giving them the benefits of marriage i.e. tax benefits and legal decision making benefits. T he big controversy facing theRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1144 Words   |  5 PagesGay Marriage There are many issues the revolve around same-sex marriage. Many issues like: Whether same-sex should be legalized and should there be an amendment on same-sex marriage? There are multiple side to view this, but gay marriage but in my opinion gay marriage is socially accepted. it should be legal and it does affect American teens in a broad spectrum of ways. There have been a lot of issues on whether or not same-sex marriage should be legal or not. According to Burns, â€Å" The unionRead MoreLegalization Of Same Sex Marriage1912 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract The onslaught of homosexuality legalization movements and initiatives has presented the society with a barrage of questions – dilemmas, even – regarding its moral and political sides. Legalization of same-sex marriage is a highly divisive issue and often pits former friends, neighbors and even relatives against each other. Whereas some people believe that same-sex marriage is an unnatural and unhealthy phenomenon, activists exhorting its legalization hold fast to the opposite opinion. TheRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage1411 Words   |  6 PagesNikta Kalatari Writing Assignment #1 The proposead legalization of same-sex marriage is one of the most significant issues in contemporary American family law. Presently, it is one of the most vigorously advocated reforms discussed in law reviews, one of the most explosive political questions facing lawmakers, and one of the most provocative issues emerging before American courts. If same-sex marriage is legalized, it could be one of the most revolutionary policy decisions in the history of AmericanRead MoreThe Changed Definition Of Marriage1592 Words   |  7 PagesThe Recently Changed Definition of Marriage On June 26th, 2015, the United States Supreme Court voted to legalize same-sex marriage nationwide and in doing so, rattled the belief system of many Christians around the country. Many took to social media and with the terror and panic of Chicken Little cried, â€Å"The sky is falling†, while others lashed out in hateful speech towards the lawmakers and the homosexual community that celebrated their newly given liberty. As Christians begin to look towardRead MoreShould Same Sex Marriage Be Legalized?1677 Words   |  7 PagesViews on Gay Marriage Same sex marriage is currently only being allowed in some states but is still looked down upon and banned in other states. Legalization in all states still causes quite a bit of controversy and debate. Would be easier to just legalize it in all states and make everything equal? Or would people’s opinions and religious views continue to stand in the way? Currently same sex marriage is only legal in thirty two states. â€Å"Those states are Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado,Read MoreGay And Gay Rights Movement853 Words   |  4 Pagesof 1968, gay and lesbian rights movements started booming in the 1970’s (Smith 328). At first, the purpose of the movements was to gain support from the public on their cause of equal rights for LGBT people. However, the main goal was for the â€Å"legalization of homosexual behavior; an end to state regulation and repression of lesbian and gay life; and the passage and enforcement of antidiscrimination measures, most importantly in the area of employment† (Smith 334). To do this, the gay rights movements

Examples Of Magical Realism In Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka

The â€Å"Metamorphosis,† by Franz Kafka, can be classified as magical realism when compared to â€Å"The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World,† by Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez, using aspects of magical realism including realistic elements, magical elements, dark humor, and distortion of time. One aspect of Magical Realism Franz Kafka uses is realistic elements. The start of Gregor’s morning is similar a normal morning where â€Å"his immediate reaction was to get up quietly without being disturbed, to put on his clothes, and above all, eat his breakfast† (1113) before going to work. During this scene, Gregor still thinks like a human, however he has physically turned into a bug. A human’s normal thoughts, on a weekday, is to get up and get ready to go to†¦show more content†¦The townspeople imagine how Esteban’s living space and family must of been just by looking at him, since he is the most handsomest man they have ever seen. Howev er, the townspeople do not realize that someones beauty does not show how they must have lived when they were alive. Another aspect of Magical Realism that Franz Kafka uses is dark humor. Once Gregor finally got up from his bed, he walked to the kitchen, but his father â€Å"had filled his pocket with with fruit from the dish on the sideboard and was now shying apple after apple† (1135) at Gregor. Gregor’s father doesn’t accept that Gregor is a bug, so he tosses apples at his own son. Since this action is very unusual, this can classified as humor. But since Gregor’s own father is throwing apples that will actually hurt Gregor, it is dark humor. Similarly, in â€Å"The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World† by Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez, there are several instances where dark humor is used. At the beginning of the story, the children â€Å"had been playing with him all afternoon, burying and unburying [Esteban] in the sand† (1348). Since the children are not aware of who this body is or why he is there, make this scene funny. Additionally, since these children are burying a dead body and digging him back, it can be seen as dark humor. TheShow MoreRelatedEssay on Analysis of The Metamorphosis1033 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of The Metamorphosis This story The Metamorphosis is about Gregor, a workaholic, who is changed into an insect and must then deal with his present reality. The hardest part of being an insect for him was the alienation from his family, which eventually leads to his death. In reading the short story The Metamorphosis, (1971),one can realize how small the difference is between Magical Realism and Fantastic. This literature written by the Austrian, Franz Kafka, is often debated overRead More The Metamorphosis Essay1716 Words   |  7 PagesThe Metamorphosis The longer story The Metamorphosis, first published in 1971, was written by Franz Kafka. He was born in Prague in 1883 and lived until 1924, and he has written many other stories along with The Metamorphosis. The Metamorphosis appears to be a fantastic piece. After reading The Metamorphosis, I do believe that there are many similarities between magical realism and fantastic literature. Kafka showed many fantastic issues in The Metamorphosis. While reading The MetamorphosisRead MoreMetamorphosis Analysis1142 Words   |  5 PagesFranz Kafka’s â€Å"The Metamorphosis† is about the dehumanization of a man named Gregor, when he wastes his life monotonously repeating the same task every day to support his uncaring family. The lack of purpose in his life is an example of absurdist fiction, a genre of fictional narrative that uses satire and irrationality to explore the human experience of meaninglessness. 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The American writers Thoreau, Clemens, and Emerson bring to mind the days when America was still proving herself to be equal to the European countries. France had her own artists, such as Voltaire and Hugo, as did Spain with Cervantes and Dante. However, when one thinks of Latin America, what writersRead MoreThe Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka Analysis of the story â€Å"The Metamorphosis†, by Franz Kafka was2200 Words   |  9 PagesThe Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka Analysis of the story â€Å"The Metamorphosis†, by Franz Kafka was written back in the early 1900’s, but reflected a more modern way of thinking and lifestyle of today. Gregor felt that he was a slave to his job, isolated from his co-workers, and misunderstood by his family. Although that is the norm in today’s society, it was not the norm back then. In the story Gregor finds himself transformed into a cockroach and his internal struggles become a permanent reality. Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesApplications 239 Motivating by Job Design: The Job Characteristics Model 240 The Job Characteristics Model 240 †¢ How Can Jobs Be Redesigned? 242 †¢ Alternative Work Arrangements 245 †¢ The Social and Physical Context of Work 249 Employee Involvement 250 Examples of Employee Involvement Programs 251 †¢ Linking Employee Involvement Programs and Motivation Theories 252 Using Rewards to Motivate Employees 252 What to Pay: Establishing a Pay Structure 252 †¢ How to Pay: Rewarding Individual Employees Through Variable-Pay

The Different Types Of Government - 868 Words

The three different types of government in this text are very different. The first of the governments with Niccolo Machiavelli did not believe a divine rule. The second one with Thomas Hobs believed that there was some type of divine rule. The third had Niccolo Machiavelli, he was a Florentine statesman and a political theorist, which is â€Å"someone who engages in a constricting or evaluating political theory and is used to describe and evaluate political events and institutions.† (Dictionary.com) He was not that much of a religious person and he believed what people only ruled by themselves and with any divine help. He also believed that a prince should remove ethics from political things and that a prince should just maintain himself. Machiavelli also had something to say about religion, â€Å"For him religious value derived from other factors is a ruler that could utilize religion to unite his subjects and to foster obedience to law† (Perry 9). He was really saying that he used religion when he needed to. He was telling the princes that they do not have to be religious be that if you use religion that that people will listen to you. Lastly, Niccolo Machiavelli also did not believe that you needed to care what the people think only if the people are okay. He was a very successful ruler. He told the princes that you could be considered many things like â€Å"liberal, another... miserly†¦ one a free giver, another rapacious; one cruel another merciful†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Show MoreRelatedThe Different Types Of Government1896 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction When we speak of the government a lot of questions runs through the minds of people such as, where did it start from? who where the founders of government? how did the different types of government come about? During the first civilization in Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China, Mexico and other places there where small communities know as kingdoms. These Kingdoms were governed by Kings, and from this civilization was established. These kings had different ways of ruling their kingdoms andRead MoreDifferent Types Of Government Essay1005 Words   |  5 PagesGermany In Germany, there is no central regulator for water supply and sewerage sector. There are different forms of ownership in terms of service providers. Municipality is most frequently involved in some type of ownership structure, but there are also concessionaires. Water and sewerage tariffs are approved through different procedures in every province, usually within the department of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs, after a request for the tariff increase is reviewed by the independentRead MoreDifferent Types Of Government Contracts2207 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction There are several types of government contracts, and the differences between them are not trivial. Each requires a unique approach to bidding and a unique approach to performing the work. Understanding the distinct challenges and opportunities of each contract is vital if your business is to succeed as a government contractor (Deltek, 2012). The first step in exploring and understanding the different types of federal contract is to understand what a contract is. Contract means a mutuallyRead MoreAristotle s Politics : Government Enterprise Within The Context Of The Different Types Of City States Essay1925 Words   |  8 PagesAristotle s Politics discusses government enterprise within the context of the different types of city-states. While the work includes details about the basics of political science, Aristotle largely focuses his attention on the question of regimes during this time period, presenting the distinctive elements that compose these regimes. Aristotle structures this work to build upon the different elements of a city-state and their differences. 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The unitary government    is often described as a centralized government. It is a government in which all powers held by the government belong to a single, central agency.  The majority of all worlds’ governments are Unitary. For example, Great Britain. Some advantages of a Unitary Government are; uniform policies, laws. Enforcement and administration throughout the country. This is a huge beyond huge positive trait of a Unitary Government. Also, there are fewerRead MoreCommunism, Capitalism, and Socialism Essay652 Words   |  3 PagesThree different types of economic systems used by governments are Communism, Capitalism, and Socialism. Each type of system is unique in different ways. Each has distinct aspects that make it what it is. In communism, the government runs everything and there are no social classes. The government in capitalism doesn’t interfere with any businesses and lets the citizens own and operate them. Socialism is basically a mixture of th e two economic systems. The government runs certain businesses,Read MoreThe Strategic Challenges Of Homeland Security1564 Words   |  7 Pagesthe government (local or federal) is solely in charge of terrorism preparedness. It takes many groups and many people. On a local standpoint, there are town halls where people can go and learn about what terrorism is and how it could affect the local area. There are also people within the local government that have resources within the federal government that can work together and share thoughts, ideas, and resources to work together to come up with a plan. These plans include the types of critical

Analysis Of The Book Troy - 1835 Words

Andrew Andraos Literature LENG-201-003 Essay 2 Troy in Fences Troy Maxson is the protagonist of Fences, a fifty-three-year-old, African American man who works for the sanitation department, lifting garbage into trucks. Troy is also a former baseball star in the Negro Leagues. Troy s athletic ability diminished before the Major Leagues accepted blacks. Hard-working, strong and prone to telling compelling, fanciful stories and twisting the truth, Troy is the family breadwinner and plays the dominant role in his over thirty-year friendship with fellow sanitation worker, Jim Bono. Troy s character is the centerpiece that all of the other relationships in Fences gather around. Troy is husband to Rose, father to Lyons, Cory, and Raynell, and†¦show more content†¦Troy wants Cory to have a better life than he has had working as a garbage collector. He refuses to yield to Cory for this reason regarding football and college recruitment. We see here another weakness in Troy. Though he aims to be a good father to his son and to be a better father than his own father was, Troy s inability to see that the world has changed keeps him from letting his son go to college. He is bitter and resentful at the opportunities lost because of the color of his skin and is desperate to protect Cory from the same sort of disappointment. We can see that Troy clearly attempts to fulfill the expectations he sees for himself as a father and husband. Troy Maxson transforms into a lonely, unloved, fearful man from his original position as the center of attention in his family and social world. Though he constantly tries to escape his life, Troy Maxson tries to engage life and challenge Death because he believes in himself and his convictions, however illusionary they may be. Troy begins by confronting his employees about their discriminatory practices, he boasts to his best friend Bono and family member that he is not afraid of death and he keeps a secret that he thinks he can get away with about his affair with Alberta. When Troy demands respect from his son, Cory, he gets it and when he teases his other son Lyons, Troy feels bigger and better.Show MoreRelatedDeep Zone Book Report881 Words   |  4 PagesKyle Duncan 12-7-11 Book Report (Deep Zone) 3rd Block Plot Summary The characters are Thane, Ty, Troy, Tate, and Agent Sutherland. Ty is this story’s main character. Thane is his older brother and an NFL star. Ty meets Troy and Tate in Miami at the football tournament. Agent Sutherland is an FBI agent protecting Ty from the mob while Thane is away. The setting is in Miami and in the swamp. At the beginning of the story, they are at a football game, when Thane is going up for a touchdownRead MoreFences Character Analysis Essay924 Words   |  4 Pageson the trait of responsibility in order to have their daily activities run smoothly. Troy Maxson has incorporated the key ideas of responsibility; to secure his family, friendships and job. Troy had stated multiple times within Fences that his actions are based off of his responsibilities; instead of love. â€Å"[...]Liked you? Who the hell say I got to like you?[...]† (Wilson,37). This quote displays that although Troy loves his family, his sense of responsibility is stronger. The sense of responsibilityRead MoreEssay on An Analysis for the Play Fences1293 Words   |  6 PagesFences - An Analysis James E. May Averett University History of the Theatre TH 220 / BBA 469 Ronal Stepney November 07, 2011 The story line seemed melodramatic throughout the play. The author (August Wilson) has laid the ground work of many themes throughout the play. The play deals with Race, Men and their masculinity, Morality, Dreams and hopes of everyone involved, Family, Duty, Betrayal and Dissatisfaction. The play begins with Troy and his best friend Bono entering the yard chattingRead More Religion in August Wilsons Fences Essay examples814 Words   |  4 PagesIn August Wilsons play, Fences, the character, Troy Maxson, is by no definition a religious man. He has created his own religion through his own philosophies, especially baseball. Sandra G. Shannons critical analysis, The Good Christians Come and Gone: The Shifting Role of Christianity in August Wilson Plays, gives analogies for the way Troy deals with his own spirituality. It is agreeable that Troy, like other Wilson characters, deals with religion in his own way. Shannon assertsRead MoreIliad’s Dilemmas with the Definition Piety 846 Words   |  3 Pagesbetween humans and gods or vise versa. However, one can interpret that after reading book one, six, and seven of The Iliad by Homer, that there are dilemmas that are associated with this definition. The three examples that shows this are: In book one, when Homer mentioned the communication between Achilles and Athene, in book six, which explained the exchange that was made by the woman of troy to Athene and in book 7, where the Achaians did not sacrifice anything to Zeus. The communication betweenRead MoreHelen Of Troy1455 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Helen of Troy In Greek mythology, Helen of Troy, also known as Helen of Sparta, was the daughter of Zeus and Leda, and was a sister of Castor, Pollux, and Clytemnestra. In Greek myths, she was considered the most beautiful woman in the world. By marriage she was Queen of Laconia, a province within Homeric Greece, the wife of King Menelaus. Her abduction by Paris, Prince of Troy, brought about the Trojan War. Elements of her putative biography come from classical authors such as Aristophanes, CiceroRead MoreExistentialism And Akhilleus : State Of Affairs1182 Words   |  5 Pageswithin the book’s literary tropes. Occasionally, some books have an overloaded abundance of existential themes. Homer’s Iliad is one of the books that comprise of an abundance of existential themes. The Iliad is a Greek epic composed in dactylic hexameter. Homer created the poem in the Greek Bronze Age around c. 1194–1184 BCE. The story begins in the middle of the Trojan War. The Greeks attack Troy b ecause Paris, who is the son of the King of Troy, seduced one of their leader’s wives. The Greeks haveRead MoreHelen of Troy Does Countertop Dancing1480 Words   |  6 PagesTeagan de Marigny DSVTEA001 Due Date: 16 September 2011 English Literary Studies: ELL1016S Tutor: Nicola Lazenby Tut group 13 Assignment 2: Poetry ‘Helen of Troy Does Countertop Dancing’ – Margaret Atwood ‘Helen of Troy does Countertop Dancing’, by Margaret Atwood, deals with the refusal to agree to or obey with the idea that woman need to live a self-respected life and have a humble day job, which is pressured by society in order for woman to be ‘Ideal’. As well as Atwood’s writing on the oppressedRead MoreHelen of Troy Does Countertop Dancing1488 Words   |  6 PagesTeagan de Marigny DSVTEA001 Due Date: 16 September 2011 English Literary Studies: ELL1016S Tutor: Nicola Lazenby Tut group 13 Assignment 2: Poetry ‘Helen of Troy Does Countertop Dancing’ – Margaret Atwood ‘Helen of Troy does Countertop Dancing’, by Margaret Atwood, deals with the refusal to agree to or obey with the idea that woman need to live a self-respected life and have a humble day job, which is pressured by society in order for woman to be ‘Ideal’. As well as Atwood’s writing onRead MoreFences Research1694 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of Physical and Psychological Boundaries in August Wilson’s Fences The early 1950’s was a time of enormous importance because of the Civil Rights Movement which emphasized equal rights for blacks and whites. According to the book Approaching Literature, this time period became very familiar to August Wilson, the author of the play Fences. Wilson, an African American man, was raised by his mother and his ex-convict father. For a short period of time, before moving back to his

Significance of Graduate Attributes-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the significance of graduate attributes. Answer: The significance of graduate attributes is being more and more recognized and internationally in higher education and by industry, government, and accrediting bodies. Higher education is the first step towards the career goal that an individual set. This is the phase where people have to be in a mindset of setting specific target and moving towards developing skill set. The training and skills acquired by an individual further helps that person in choosing a befitting career for oneself. In Australia apart from universities there are several other options for a student to choose from in accordance to the skill set and the knowledge he or she wants to acquire in the long run. These options may be Technical and Further Education(TAFE) institutes and Registered Training Organizations (RTOs). These institutes are backed by the guidelines and policies of the department of education and training in the Australian government. There are specific norms and conditions about the requirements an d the facilities that are available to the students according to the guidelines. To back up the national qualification system in the country in the year 1995 Australia qualification framework (AQF) was set up. It specifies the guidelines and rules regarding higher education, vocational education etc. According to Kavanagh and Drennan (2008), Business academics were defined as those directly involved in lecturing within university level business undergraduate programs. Universities have their own requirements to enroll students. Grades are one of the many requirements. People who are enrolling for business graduate are expected to be smart, think at the top of the head, use common sense to understand analyze and find creative solution for complex problems. These are some of the usual characteristic that is required by a graduate to meet the requirements of any organization. This is of course apart from the skilled training that individuals acquire in business schools. When a student steps in to the higher education system it is taken that the student is capable of preparing oneself to garner knowledge and training to develop a flourishing career (John 2009) Some of the common qualities of a business graduates are: being a good leader: An individual who is a business graduate and is looking for a job in the industry he or she should have the quality to lead a group of people who will be working under the person. Commitment is another common attribute that an organization looks for when hiring a business graduate. If there is a lack of commitment in the person towards the institution then that person will also not have his full heart in the job which will affect the business in the long run. On the feet thinking ability: Apart from the academic knowledge that business education offers a student the person is also expected to have a good common sense and quick and creative in finding out solutions of the problems that are encountered. The management graduates are supposes to have a vision which will help in the development and policy making of the organization. A business graduate is expected to be far sighted to be able to at least work in a direction of the benefit of the organization. A management graduate is also expected to be respectful and have integrity in his or her nature so that the people who are working under him or her will be able to (Forbes.com, 2017). Employee skills and requirements by employers in Australia According to Jackson and Chapman (2012), there is a huge requirement for skilled management graduates in Australia. These skills have to be technical as well as non technical so that these students are ready for the job they are going to undertake once they are out of the colleges and institutes. There authors recognize the skill gaps in the graduates by carrying out primary research. They found that there are few disparities in between the academic curriculum and employer skill ratings of certain workplace behaviors. Some employers do believe that though there are certain non technical skill sets among the fresh graduates there are some vital elements of managerial skills that are missing. Quality of business education On the other hand the report by Azevedo, Apfelthaler and Hurst (2012), suggest the growing importance of the quality of education in the last two decades. Because of some of the external factors like concrete global competition, dynamic nature of consumer needs; higher education institutes constantly face demand for accountability, transparency and comparability. This is also dependent often some of the internal factors like the quality management initiatives and internationalization efforts etc. the authors also go on to say that there is very little that has been researched or done about the undergraduate or the primary level of business education which further effects the quality in the higher education as elementary education is the fundaments of the knowledge acquired by an individual. Common attributes of a business graduate Graduate abilities and attributes need development and incorporation, attributes like critical thinking and critical reflection, has proved challenging in business education (Treleaven Voola, 2008). In this report the authors have mentioned the significance of having a constructive and packed management course that is at par with the positive graduate attributes so that the students are job-ready in the industry they are hired in. According to the authors the required graduate attributes are academic knowledge and skills aligned with the selection requirements of the company, development of the aware mess among the students regarding the necessary attributes, the learning process should have the future prospect of the students in the education system and the curriculum should be based on realism, generic or non technical skill sets should be given importance and should be given opportunities to develop , the education process should be a two way communication where the students are given the opportunity to give feedbacks to the educators and the program. The duo also suggests that there should be a wide approach to enhance the popularity, develop and integrate graduate attributes. If graduate attributes were to be segmented they would be basically of two types technical or hard skill set and non-technical or soft skill set. Where most of the curriculum of the business schools revolve around developing the technical skill sets of the student very less attention has been paid to soft skill development, where as many entrepreneurs and employers believe that soft skills are equally important and are very rare quality to find in an individual. Requirement and importance of hard skills as well as soft skills among business graduates Robles (2012), in his paper has stated about the importance of interpersonal or soft skills that are required in a graduate while working for a business organization. He emphasizes on the development and the training of these soft skills in the education system as well so that a business graduate is ready to join the job as soon as the completion of the course. He says these soft skills are important to imbibe by the curriculum of the business education system so as to increase the employability of the students after the course is over. The mindset of fresh graduates are that of a student and that takes a lot of time to change and for them to think like a professional. In this report the author has identified the top 10 soft skills that are deemed to be most important by business executives: integrity, communication, courtesy, responsibility, social skills, positive attitude, professionalism, flexibility, teamwork, and work ethic. On the other hand, Jackson and Chapman (2012), have interviewed and surveyed to gather information from two hundred and eleven Australian employers to come to a conclusion and build a set of business graduate attribute profiles which precisely mirror the present requirements of Australia employers. The authors suggest that there are three clusters graduates that they have put together through the samples gathered. The groups were Manager, People Person and Business Analyst and provide an insight of the Australian industrys prime requirements of business graduates. In the studies the repeated importance of technical or hard skills were brought to the forefront. But he also states that a lot of people who have been surveyed have mentioned that for the Manager and People Person profiles an increasingly significant portion of undergraduate curriculum should be focused on developing emotional intelligence, leadership skills, creativity and social skills kind of soft skills. The duo further mentions that it is just not any one part of the skill set that is important rather it is the balance of the two types of skills that are required for a job-ready graduate. In the paper Harris (2009), points out the different types of ways in which knowledge that is acquired, levels of the knowledge process, assessment of the classes and standards are put together. By analyzing various academic standards so that students are of the employers expectation levels, the authors has said that the higher education systems are now more concentrated on the nature, quality, and level of student learning. The author in his report with the help of the corporate code of ethics developed 18 cases for evaluating business students for the employers while interviewing them for hiring. In the paper he has mentioned the 5 pressure point areas, which are (a) unethical behavior being failed to report, (b) misuse and improper delegation of company assets, (c) conflict of interest in between the employer and the employee or lack of company commitment, (d) inaccurate accounting records by way of channel stuffing (offering a deep discount to customers to overbuy), and (e) trading on inside information. He states that the main intention study was to make teachers and educators become aware of students mannerisms and objective, which may further violate the code (Persons, 2009). According to Martin and Mahat (2017), there has been an observed rise in trend of Australian universities to show that their students have received knowledge and skills sets as specified by them in the form of graduate attributes or institutional learning outcomes. In this paper the authors have marked the general skill set that are suitable for undergraduate courses at the national level. The research has been conducted by the authors keeping in mind two perspectives one is from the institutions point of view about the graduate attributes and the other is from the perspective of the national guidelines or the framework that suggests some criterions. The authors says that one of the determinants that has led to an considerable change on Australian higher education and the learning systems of students involve the shift from elite to mass education that has taken place over the last two decades. He also says that in Australia there is one of the main concern areas that has originated a s a direct result of the mass education system is that the quality of education has dropped substantially. Another determinant of the change in the education system is the financial burden on the students of the tuition fee. The point that this research needs to focus on from this paper is that the higher education has now become an investment from which graduates expect an employment and monetary return. As the previous literatures show that there is a constant reminder about the significance of the soft skills along with the hard skills in a graduate to successfully meet the requirements of the employers. Similarly, Boyatzis (2009) says to maximize the performance of the workplace several present and future manager models should be studies to develop effective management skills set. In the report Yorke (2014), has analyzed the accountability and the standard policies regarding the learning standards of the assessment in the higher education. He states that there is a skill gap in between what the industry requires and what the education system has to offer. He says that there have been several reforms in the guidelines by the Australian government for the development of the skilled job ready managers Reference List: Azevedo, A., Apfelthaler, G., Hurst, D. (2012). Competency development in business graduates: An industry-driven approach for examining the alignment of undergraduate business education with industry requirements.The International Journal of Management Education,10(1), 12-28. Boyatzis, R. E. (2009). Developing emotional, social, and cognitive intelligence competencies in managers and leaders.The SAGE handbook of management learning, education and development. Sage, 439-42. Harris, K. L. (2009). International trends in establishing the standards of academic achievement in higher education.An independent report and analysis. Jackson, D., Chapman, E. (2012). Empirically derived competency profiles for Australian business graduates and their implications for industry and business schools.The International Journal of Management Education,10(2), 112-128. Jackson, D., Chapman, E. (2012). Non-technical skill gaps in Australian business graduates.Education+ Training,54(2/3), 95-113. John, J. (2009). Study on the nature of impact of soft skills training programme on the soft skills development of management students.Pacific Business Review,10(12), 09. Kavanagh, M. H., Drennan, L. (2008). What skills and attributes does an accounting graduate need? Evidence from student perceptions and employer expectations.Accounting Finance,48(2), 279-300. Martin, L., Mahat, M. (2017). The Assessment of Learning Outcomes in Australia: Finding the Holy Grail.AERA Open,3(1), 2332858416688904. Persons, O. (2009). Using a corporate code of ethics to assess students' ethicality: Implications for business education.Journal of Education for Business,84(6), 357-366. Robles, M. M. (2012). Executive perceptions of the top 10 soft skills needed in todays workplace.Business Communication Quarterly,75(4), 453-465. Forbes.com. (2017). The 10 Skills Employers Most Want In 2015 Graduates. Retrieved 21 August 2017, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/susanadams/2014/11/12/the-10-skills-employers-most-want-in-2015-graduates/#77e5b9712511 Treleaven, L., Voola, R. (2008). Integrating the development of graduate attributes through constructive alignment.Journal of marketing education,30(2), 160-173. Yorke, J. D. (2014). Accountability and quality policies relating to learning standards, and their implications for assessment in higher education.

Intestinal Cell Proliferation and Differentiation - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theIntestinal Cell Proliferation and Differentiationfor Tyrosine. Answer: Intestinal cell proliferation Several growth factors mediate the process of proliferation that triggers cells to enter cell cycle. Proliferation of the mucosal cells is needed to maintain the integrity of the gastrointestinal system. The EFGR gene sends instruction for production of the Epidermal growth factor receptor protein, which promotes cell proliferation. It is atransmembrane protein and is activated by specific ligand binding. Upon activation, EGFR undergoes dimerization, which stimulates tyrosine kinase activity. The tyrosine residues get autophosphorylated and activate downstream signaling of other pathways and promote proliferation. Receptor tyrosine kinase also influences the activity of insulin-like growth factor 1 and 2 encoded by the IGFR1 and IGFR2 genes respectively. Binding of ligand activates the receptor tyrosine kinase, autophosphoryaltion initiates intracellular signalling and activates the Akt and Ras MAPK pathway (Waseem et al. 2014). This increases proliferation and inhibits apoptosis. KL F4 or Krupple like factor 4 is a zinc-finger transcription factor, involved in regulation ofproliferation. KLF4 is expressed in non-dividing cells of the intestinal epithelium and maintains homeostasis in these cells.In the intestinal epithelium, it regulates Wnt signaling pathway of genes. Fibroblast growth factors (FGRFR2 and FGFR4) controls intestinal cell proliferation by binding to the receptor tyrosine kinase family. LGR5 promotes proliferation by acceleration of cell cycle. The main effect of high fat diet occurs in the colon, which leads to enhanced cell proliferation. Total lipids in feces are measured by a gravimetric method.Diet rich in saturated fats excerete more lipids. Proliferation of distal colon cell increases as fecal lipids increase (Sakar et al.2014). Intestinal cell differentiation A cell becomes more specialized through the process of differentiation. The EGFR, FGF-2, FGF-4, KLF4, HNF1a are responsible fot influencing the differentiation pathways of intestinal cells. Binding of specific ligands to the receptors encoded by these genes triggers the tyrosine kinsase activity. This activation occurs through dimerization of the receptors. Dimerization is followed by autophosphorylation and activation of downstream signaling pathways like Notch, BMP, Wnt/Wg, Hedgehog (Hh), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and other pathways. Crypt structures and transient amplifying cells were rapidly lost due to block of the -catenin/Wnt signaling (Barker 2014). -Catenin is a cytoplasmic signal-transducer of the canonical Wnt pathway. In the absence of Wnt ligands, -catenin is phosphorylated and degraded. The degradation complex contains the tumor suppressor gene products conductin or axin, APC (adenomatous polyposis coli), casein kinase I (CKI) and glycogen synthase kinase 3. When the Wnt ligand binds to Frizzled transmembrane receptors, Disheveled cytoplasmic protein gets activated. It blocks the function of the degradation complex. -Catenin enters the nucleus and associates with LEF/TCF transcription factors. It induces transcriptional control of the Wnt target genes. Mutations which activate this pathway initiates colorectal cancer. The tumors are manifested by truncated mutation in axin and APC. Recently, several studies have reported that intestinal stem cells get inflamed and their differentiation is directly effected by prolonged consumption of saturated fat diet (Beyaz et al. 2016). References Barker, N., 2014. Adult intestinal stem cells: critical drivers of epithelial homeostasis and regeneration.Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology,15(1), p.19. Beyaz, S., Mana, M.D., Roper, J., Kedrin, D., Saadatpour, A., Hong, S.J., Bauer-Rowe, K.E., Xifaras, M.E., Akkad, A., Arias, E. and Pinello, L., 2016. High fat diet enhances stemness and tumorigenicity of intestinal progenitors.Nature,531(7592), p.53. Sakar, Y., Duca, F.A., Langelier, B., Devime, F., Blottiere, H., Delorme, C., Renault, P. and Covasa, M., 2014. Impact of high-fat feeding on basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors controlling enteroendocrine cell differentiation.International journal of obesity,38(11), p.1440. Waseem, T., Duxbury, M., Ashley, S.W. and Robinson, M.K., 2014. Ghrelin promotes intestinal epithelial cell proliferation through PI3K/Akt pathway and EGFR trans-activation both converging to ERK 1/2 phosphorylation.Peptides,52, pp.113-121.

The Weirdest College Essay Prompts Ever

Supplemental essays are often the most personal parts of college applications. Your essay lets you reveal aspects of your life and character that just dont come across elsewhere. In some cases, though, the essay questions are so strange that they might seem more like puzzles than prompts. Take the following examples. 1. Tufts University Kermit the Frog famously lamented, Its not easy being green. Do you agree? Tufts University frequently supplies eclectic essay prompts, and this is obviously one of them. After all, it quotes someone whos made of felt. Nevertheless, its philosophical. It challenges students to define the existential condition green in their own way. No doubt many respondents will highlight a quirk that makes them distinct. It could be something physical like being tall, or it could be a personality feature like curiosity. Either way, applicants must decide whether that quality has caused them difficulties. Check out our database of successful Tufts profilesfor more inspiration! 2. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill What do you hope to find over the rainbow? This UNC prompt is also framed through the lens of popular culture. It references a song from the classic movie The Wizard of Oz. Its asking students what they want their futures to hold once they cross a certain threshold. Again, applicants must define their own terms. What is that threshold, the rainbow, that they must pass? Is it school? Is it the search for a true calling? These questions would probably keep the Scarecrow up at night. Here are UNC Chapel Hill essay examples! 3. University of Chicago What is square one, and can you actually go back to it? When it comes to asking offbeat essay questions, the University of Chicago is Americas reigning champ. This one takes a familiar idiom ― back to square one ― and squeezes out its metaphysical implications. When people find themselves on the wrong path in life, to what extent can they go back and fix the problem? Can you really make amends with other people? Is there a point of no return in terms of decision-making? Take a look at some UChicago success stories. 4. Wake Forest University Give us your top ten list. This request must inspire many different kinds of responses. Many students probably submit earnest lists of heroes, career objectives or the struggles theyve overcome. No doubt others offer humor, perhaps naming their most embarrassing moments or favorite dance moves. Some brave soul might provide ten reasons he or she hates top ten lists. Would you be sincere or irreverent with your list? See what others did in their Wake Forest application! 5. University of Richmond Tell us about spiders. Heres another question thats wide open to interpretation. It also gives applicants the chance to display their unique sensibilities. You could opt for biological descriptions, an examination of how spiders have been perceived throughout history, an autobiographical story about childhood arachnophobia, an amusing look at the world from a spiders point of view or something else entirely. You have to wonder, though, how many admissions officers get the willies reading these essays. Heres a list of Richmond profiles to help you. 6. Brandeis University If you could choose to be raised by robots, dinosaurs or aliens, who would you pick? Why? Given the absurdity of its three choices, this question seems designed to test creativity and reasoning skills. How do you construct a logical argument from an illogical premise? How do you advocate for an idea thats appalling? On the other hand, maybe some people like the notion of robots changing diapers or aliens singing lullabies. Check out Brandeis University profiles! Unusual college application essays certainly arent for everyone. Many students prefer standard queries about inspiring books or extracurricular activities. However, if you have an urge to show off your imagination and unique writing style, you might start hunting for an essay question as bizarre as those above. Which essay prompt has you scratching your heads? Let us know what other strange ones youve encountered this application season! If you still need some inspiration, check out ’s database of 60,000+ successfulcollege application files.

What a Fiction Essay Sample Can Teach You

What a Fiction Essay Sample Can Teach YouFiction essays are often considered by many people to be more difficult than other types of academic papers, but a fiction essay sample can actually help make this not so much the case. The key to getting through a fiction essay is understanding exactly what needs to be done in order to make it easy for yourself.The first thing you need to consider when writing your essay is the theme of the piece. In order to avoid making your essay too broad, focus on a topic that is quite specific. This way, you can focus your essays on things that relate to the topic in a very specific way.When it comes to themes, there are a lot of things that you can choose from. You can choose to write about the concept of the apocalypse or a city ravaged by war, or the same concept over again. As long as you have a general idea of what you are writing about, you will find it easier to work on your essay.Since the theme of your essay will determine how you will structur e your essay, you will also need to find a specific topic to work with. One thing you should consider before choosing a topic is how related your piece will be to the theme. For example, if you are writing about the destruction of the American West, then you will probably want to look at a theme such as the coming of a new civilization.Once you have a topic to work with, you will need to decide how you are going to approach it. Do you want to focus on the main characters? Do you want to deal with more background information?When you have these questions answered, you will be able to focus on each aspect of your essay more effectively. For example, if you are writing about a character, you may be able to focus more on what their personality is like. While there are some styles that only deal with the background information, you will likely find that this is not a style that you enjoy doing.The next thing you will need to do is decide how you are going to structure your essay. You wil l need to think about how long the essay is going to be and how many paragraphs it will be. If you are using a topic of the apocalypse, then you may choose between a short introductory paragraph and two longer paragraphs.There are a lot of ways that you can structure your essay and a good fiction essay sample can help you get through the process more easily. You can take your time and write with the idea of the essay being something that can benefit you on a higher level, and not just something that is written for the sake of it.

Free Essays on Description

Devoured â€Å"Finally, the tedious school day is over,† I sighed as I carelessly threw aside my bulging backpack filled up to its capacity. â€Å"But there is still homework to complete! When will this ever end? It is just like ‘The Never-Ending Story’ movie, except its ‘Never-Ending’ homework in this case.† Flipping through my Excalibur to April twenty – third, two thousand three, I indolently read aloud my homework assignments: â€Å"Math: problems PW-26 to PW-38; French I: spiral page 138 along with bookwork on page 188; Biology: chapter 38 review questions worksheet and chapter 29 vocabulary; English Honors I: rough draft on anything descriptive due Monday.† Suddenly, my mind flashed back to a daunting incident in Carmel Beach, where the gargantuan waves tower above the sky and plunge down, crashing onto the broken down sand and shiny sleek stones, as if their intent was to crush them into minute jagged bits. Shaking my head to jump out of that distressing memory, I decided to write about the well remembered memory. Although the original magenta hat was long gone, I still keep in mind that it was my one and only beloved hat. Then, with thoughts rushing to my head about the unpleasant incident, I reminisced back into the memory. While scurrying to the beach with my favorite magenta hat on my head, I dreamt about the lanky sandcastle that my parents and I would create, which would of course be embellished in an assortment of iridescent seashells. â€Å"Slow down! Avoid the waves, they might eat you up!† Dad jovially joked. Chortling, I sat down on the desired spot, where its future would be the landmark supporting the world’s elite sand skyscraper. We began to make my dream sand skyscraper, but when I stood back to admire our arduous work, it appeared corpulent and grotesque with the dry sand sliding down, back to its fellow grains and back to where it came from. Disapprovingly, I grimaced; I tried my best... Free Essays on Description Free Essays on Description My childhood wouldn’t have been the same if I didn’t have my Roller blade Barbie. I kept her on my white nightstand next to my bed, so that I could grab her on my way to eat breakfast. No matter where I went I always took my doll because she is small enough that I could stick her in my little pink handbag. Roller blade Barbie’s sense of fashion style, lighted roller blades, and her bright make up were three characteristics that amazed me everyday as I played with her for hours. Roller blade Barbie has long wild black hair with bangs in the front that looks like a big wave coming from her scalp. Hidden behind her hair are pair of yellow earrings that are circular in shape. Barbie also wears a big shiny ring on her right plastic hand. For her wardrobe she wears a turquoise tube top with green distorted spots scattered all over it. It also has a yellow ribbon coming out of the middle of the top that can be made into a bow. To match the top she wears turquoise shorts with a neon yellow ruffle around the top of the shorts. She wouldn’t be Roller blade Barbie if she didn’t have roller blades. Her roller blades have orange wheels and neon yellow on the boot part. On the side of the boot written in black tiny letters is Roller blades. The skates spark like there are fireworks shooting out from behind her while I push her roughly against any flat surface. Any girl could get good make up ideas from Barbie. She wears green eye shadow that matches the gr een in her tube top. The eye shadow also brings out her sparkling brown eyes. Barbie put on hot pink lipstick that makes her lips stand out. What makes Barbie’s features stick out is her golden tan that makes me want to head to the beach. Barbie made so many good memories of my childhood. Her fashionable clothes made me want to dress like her. Her makeup made... Free Essays on Description Devoured â€Å"Finally, the tedious school day is over,† I sighed as I carelessly threw aside my bulging backpack filled up to its capacity. â€Å"But there is still homework to complete! When will this ever end? It is just like ‘The Never-Ending Story’ movie, except its ‘Never-Ending’ homework in this case.† Flipping through my Excalibur to April twenty – third, two thousand three, I indolently read aloud my homework assignments: â€Å"Math: problems PW-26 to PW-38; French I: spiral page 138 along with bookwork on page 188; Biology: chapter 38 review questions worksheet and chapter 29 vocabulary; English Honors I: rough draft on anything descriptive due Monday.† Suddenly, my mind flashed back to a daunting incident in Carmel Beach, where the gargantuan waves tower above the sky and plunge down, crashing onto the broken down sand and shiny sleek stones, as if their intent was to crush them into minute jagged bits. Shaking my head to jump out of that distressing memory, I decided to write about the well remembered memory. Although the original magenta hat was long gone, I still keep in mind that it was my one and only beloved hat. Then, with thoughts rushing to my head about the unpleasant incident, I reminisced back into the memory. While scurrying to the beach with my favorite magenta hat on my head, I dreamt about the lanky sandcastle that my parents and I would create, which would of course be embellished in an assortment of iridescent seashells. â€Å"Slow down! Avoid the waves, they might eat you up!† Dad jovially joked. Chortling, I sat down on the desired spot, where its future would be the landmark supporting the world’s elite sand skyscraper. We began to make my dream sand skyscraper, but when I stood back to admire our arduous work, it appeared corpulent and grotesque with the dry sand sliding down, back to its fellow grains and back to where it came from. Disapprovingly, I grimaced; I tried my best...

Jazz history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Jazz history - Essay Example While not specifically ‘jazz’ in the strictest sense, W.C. Handy’s contribution to bringing to blues to mainstream acclaim is well-documented. For his role in recording and popularizing what had previously been regional southern music, Handy is now referred to as the ‘Father of the Blues’. While ‘Memphis Blues’ is not Handy’s most famous recording (that honor belongs to ‘St. Louis Blues’), it perhaps has the most interesting story. The song was originally titled ‘Mr. Crump’ to criticize a local politician, but was actually adopted by that same politician to promote his campaign. Three years later the song was given different lyrics, and its name was changed to ‘Memphis Blues.’ In organizing the Clef Club, a ragtime band of assorted musicians, in 1912 James Reese Europe became the first proto-jazz band to perform at Carnegie Hall. In 1913 Europe became involved with a ballroom dancing group named the Castles. Europe’s musical accompaniments to the Castle’s ballroom dancing helped break racial barriers within the United States and Europe, and their recordings by the Victor label made them, along with the Original Dixieland Jazz Band’s works, some of the earliest known jazz recordings. No comprehensive history of early jazz recordings would be complete without including the Original Dixieland Jazz Band. The Original Dixieland Jazz Band are well-known as the first recorded jazz artists, beginning with their 1917 song ‘Livery Stable Blues’. While ‘Tiger Rag’ wasn’t the first recorded song, many critics regard it as their most popular.

Marketing Managerment Project Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing Managerment Project - Research Paper Example The case cites an example of Kellogg’s in Asia-Pacific region especially in India. This case is a classic example of concerted marketing efforts going haywire to produce reverse results. When a multinational giant organization such as Kellogg’s launches into an unknown region and area it needs to do the homework and establishes itself. The case highlights on the turnaround strategies used by the company to control the damage and survive. Today Kellogg’s is a household name in most Indian families and also the most preferred breakfast cereal, irrespective of that Kellogg’s needs to be alert in the volatile market. In an upcoming and third world market the options available are many for the consumers as the competition keeps offering one product after the other, which eventually widens the choice for the average consumer. Hence to not only to survive, but also sustain profitably, Kellogg’s has to innovate and in product as well marketing strategies. T his paper also suggests a few such strategies with its implications and challenges. No organization can capture a market and be complacent, because capturing a market may be a onetime effort but retaining the market with profitability requires new challenges to be taken and met with competence, effort and good marketing. Kellogg’s – The Indian Story We all love breakfast cereals and the crackling sound they make early morning. They give us an idea about how fresh and beautiful each day is going to be after a healthy breakfast. We are now going to look into a healthy breakfast story of none other than the breakfast giant Kellogg’s in India. Kellogg’s so far in western market has always maintained its upper hand. It was introduced in the Indian market in the year 2005 and was an absolute flophouse. From there on the company looked into various perspectives to make the product a success and has continued to grow in the market steadily. Today even if it has n ot captured the so called breakfast market share it has managed to survive and even run profitably and smoothly in India. We are going to study the turnaround of Kellogg’s in India in this assignment. Kellogg’s started its way in 1906 and today is the leader of corn flakes and breakfast cereals. Its worldwide expansion program goes as back as 1914. Kellogg’s expanded in England and Australia. By the year 1958 Kellogg’s settled in America making it the most popular breakfast frosty cereals and corn flakes. Over the years Kellogg’s has acquired Worthington Foods, Kashi Company and Keebler Foods. They also have a marketing tie up with Disney. Today Kellogg’s is manufactured in 17 countries and marketed over 180 countries worldwide. It has multiple products such as corn flakes, nutrition bars, ice cream cones, pies, and waffles etc. Today it is a company with billions of dollars of turnover world over. With this strength, history and backing Kel logg’s launched with many trumpets in Indian market. It started with its basic product - cornflakes. SWOT Analysis of Kellogg’s: Strengths: 1. Kellogg’s is a multi-billion dollar company having presence worldwide. 2. The product quality that is offered is uniform across the markets world over. 3. It has an excellent brand name and enjoys a healthy brand image. 4. Through various acquisitions it has acquired a range of products starting from breakfast cereals to nutrition bars and diet cereals. 5. Its primary strength lies in baking and innovative products it keeps coming

Lean Principles and Application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lean Principles and Application - Essay Example p. 57). The challenges facing the sustenance of lean thinking include the need to develop the skills needed and the time needed to adjust to systems change. The lean production model is one that emphasizes the elimination of waste, by cutting down on the business processes that do not yield value to the customer, yet they consume production costs and time. The seven areas of waste reduction exploited by Toyota Motors include inventory, transportation, overproducing goods, waiting, defective products (defects) and over-processing. The success for the lean model is greatly hinged to change performance in the respective areas, for senior managerial staffs and also the employees. The advantages of the model include increase in productivity, reduction in product defects, and customer lead times. The benefits enjoyed in the long-term include increases in customer satisfaction, financial performance and staff morale (Dahlgaard and Dahlgaard-Park, 2006, p. 263). The model is heavily dependent on the principles of continuous improvement and making informed decisions at all points in the production process. The model works well for companies with clearly defined value chains, for example automotive (Toyota), pharmaceutical and industrial engineering companies. Business process management is the management model in use by the management of the department, and its outlook is relatively different from that of lean. When using this model, the R & D department will be explored in a holistic manner, as a collection of business processes. The model is used to leverage on the designing, modeling, execution, monitoring and the optimization of the production system, by automating the management of the processes. Through this paper, the writer will compare the differences in the organizational culture of Toyota (lean model) and that of the R & D department (BPM); the paper will explore the impacts of the differences in the implementation process for lean, and

Huck Finn Paper :: essays research papers fc

How would you like to have a drunk, abusive father? Well in Huckleberry Finn’s everyday life that’s what he has to deal with. Huck‘s father, which he calls Pap, has a really bad drinking problem which adds on to his abusive ways. In this story Huck inherited a large sum of money and the towns people knew that Pap would be coming for him and the money. Pap is characterized different from the novel, the movie, and Big River, can he really be compassionate? Pap seems to be victimized by the government as the town drunk and not a good role model for his son, but it turns around when he shows compassion when he thinks Huck has died.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the movie Huck portrays his death so he could escape his abusive father. When Pap arrives to the made up murder scene he seems very upset. Pap started crying and screaming at the thought of his son being murdered. The money that Huck inherited was the driving force for Pap to be reunited with him. The made up death however shows that Pap wanted to be a part of Huck’s life. Pap wanted what was best for Huck. It seemed like Pap wanted to be a part of Huck’s life that’s why he brought Huck out to the cabin to where no one could civilize him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the novel, Pap didn’t seem to care about Huck. The only reason he wanted to take Huck into his custody was for the money so he could buy alcohol, as that‘s what the people in the town thought. Huck was afraid of his father since he always abused him. â€Å"I used to be scared of him all the time, he tanned me so much. I reckoned I was scared now, too† (Twain 19). Huck was in a good home, living with Widow Douglas and Mrs. Watson; he was actually getting educated and the positive teaching such as praying as he should. â€Å"She told me to pray everyday† (Twain 12). Pap didn’t want that; he didn’t feel the need for his son to be educated if he wasn’t. â€Å"You’re educated, too, they say--can read and write. You think you’re better’n your father, now, don’t you, because he can’t?† (Twain 21). Even though Pap was very abusive, a drunk and seemed to be really mean, he struggle d through the death of his son.

Production of Acetone

5. 1 MANUFACTURING PROCESSES: Acetone is produced directly or indirectly by propylene. Early processes for the manufacture of acetone were based on the thermal decomposition of calcium acetate or the carbohydrate fermentation of corn starch or molasses. The ready availability of propylene in the 1960s led to routes based on the dehydrogenation of isopropyl alcohol or cumene peroxidation. (1) By Cumene Oxidation (Hock Process). Propene is added to benzene [71-43-2] to form cumene [98-82-8], which is then oxidized by air to cumene hydroperoxide, and cleaved in the presence of an acid catalyst like zeolite. Phenol [108-95-2] and acetone [67-64-1] produced in the process are recovered by distillation. Ratio of phenol to acetone is 1:0. 6. (2) By Dehydrogenation of 2-proponal The hydration of propene [115-07-1] gives 2-propanol [67-63-0], which is then dehydrogenated to acetone. In the United States a C3 stream containing 40 – 60 % propene is used for the manufacture of 2-propanol. A large number of catalysts for 2-propanol dehydrogenation have been studied, including copper, zinc, and lead metals, as well as metal oxides, e. g. , zinc oxide, copper oxide, chromium-activated copper oxide, manganese oxide, and magnesium oxide. Inert supports, such as pumice, may be used. CH3CH=CH2 CH3CH(OH)CH3 CH3COCH3 +H2 (3) By catalytic oxidation of Propene (Wacker-Hoechst). The process is analogous to the oxidation of ethylene to acetaldehyde by theWacker process. The catalyst solution typically contains 0. 045M Palladium (II) chloride, 1. 8M Copper (II) Chloride, and acetic acid. The reaction usually is carried out in two alternating stages. In the first stage, air is used to oxidize the metal ions to the +2 oxidation state. In the second, air is removed and propene added. Palladium (II) oxidizes propene, and the resulting Palladium (I) is reoxidized by the pool of copper (II). Besides propionaldehyde, chlorinated carbonyl compounds and carbon dioxide also are formed. Acetone and the byproducts are removed from the catalyst solution by flash evaporation with steam and separated by fractional distillation. A mixture of acetone (92 % selectivity) and propionaldehyde (2 – 4 % selectivity) is produced. CH3CH=CH2 + ? O2 CH3COCH3 + CH3CH2CHO (4) By oxidation of p-Disisopropyl Benzene (Goodyear Process). Acetone is coproduced with hydroquinone [123-31-9] from p-diisopropylbenzene [100-18-5] in a process analogous to the phenol – acetone production from cumene. In the Goodyear process p-diisopropylbenzene is oxidized by oxygen in the presence of caustic. The p-diisopropylbenzene dihydroperoxide [3159-98-6] formed is crystallized and washed with benzene. It is then dissolved in acetone and cleaved to hydroquinone and acetone in the presence of sulfuric acid. Next the acid is neutralized with ammonia and the ammonium sulfate formed is filtered. Acetone is recovered by distillation from the reaction mixture. 5) By distillation of Calcium Acetate. Manufacture of Acetone from Acetate of Lime, etc. – Acetone is produced commercially by the dry distillation of various acetates, calcium acetate (commercial grey acetate of lime) or barium acetate being generally used. The single acetate is usually employed, although mixtures of two acetates have been recommended. Grey calcium ace tate usually contains about 80 per cent calcium acetate, the remaining 20 per cent consisting of water and various impurities, including small quantities of calcium formate and propionate as well as salts of other organic acids. Calcium acetate when heated at a temperature of about 380Â ° C. decomposes, giving acetone and a residue of calcium carbonate, but at the same time the accompanying calcium salts present as impurities also react and acetaldehyde and various higher ketones are formed together with the condensation products. In addition other impurities (such as dumasin) and tar-like bodies are formed. Ca(CH? -COO)? CH? -CO-CH? + CaCO? (6) By fermentation of Corn Products by selected Bacteria. The process was started during World War II to provide acetone needed for the manufacture of cordite. The last operating plant in the United States (Publicker Industries) closed in 1977. The fermentation of cornmeal or molasses by various members of the Clostridium genus yields a mixture of 1-butanol, acetone, and ethanol in 2 % overall concentration. The products are recovered by steam distillation and then fractionated. 5. 2 SELECTION OF PROCESSES: Sr NoProcessesParameterCatalystAdvantages/ Disadvantages 1Cumene OxidationYield:- 40% Selectivity:- 90% 1)For Cumene hydroperoxide Temp:- 120 0C Pressure:- 1 atm 2) For acetone Temp:- 60-65 0CAcid catalyst like zeoliteAdvantage:- Valuable main product phenol Disadvantage: – ) Higher operating cost. 2) Acetone is as a byproduct. 2Dehydrogenation of 2-proponalYield:- 90% Selectivity:- 98% Temp:- 300-500 0C Pressure:- 3 atm Dehydrogenation Catalyst:- ZnO, CuAdvantages:- 1) The primary advantage of this process is that the acetone produced is free from trace aromatic compounds, particularly benzene. 2) Less operating cost 3) Valuable byproduct Hydrogen which is 99% pure. 4) High Yield 3Catalytic oxidation of PropeneYield:- 97-99% Selectivity:-92% Temp:- 140 0C Pressure:- 14 atmPalladium Chloride – Cupric ChlorideAdvantage:- 1) Single stage Disadvantages:- 1) High capital & operating cost. 2) Corrosion problem. 4Oxidation of p-Di-isopropyl BenzeneYield:- 20% Temp:- 80-90 0CSulfuric acidDisadvantage: – 1) Higher operating cost. 2) Acetone is as a byproduct. 3) Lower yield 5Distillation of Calcium AcetateYield:- 75% Temp:- 380 0C Disadvantage: – 1) Higher operating cost 2) Lower yield 6Fermentation processYield:- 28-30% Temp:- 35-450CClostridium Madisonii VacteriaDisadvantages: – 1) Lower yield. 2) Higher processing cost due to increase in price of petrochemical feedstock which is used for extracting the acetone. On the above discussion between various methods we are choosing the IPA route to produce Acetone. 5. 3 PROCESSES DESCRIPTION: The production of acetone is divided in two parts. 1)Production of IPA through Feed drum is a kind of tank used for the mixing of the recycle stream and feed stream. Recycle stream concentration was assumed to be same with the feed stream. The temperature of the feed stream is assumed to be 25 0C at 2 bar pressure, which is assumed to be constant. The temperature of recycle stream was calculated as 111. 5 0C. The temperature of the leaving stream was calculated as 32. 9 0C, by the energy balance around feed drum. In the vaporizer molten salt was used for heating. The temperature at the entrance of the unit is the temperature of the mixture leaving the feed drum, which is 32. 89 0C. And the leaving temperature is the bubble point temperature of the mixture, which is 109. 5 0C. The pressure is 2 bars, and assumed to be constant. Since the temperature leaving the vaporizer is not enough for the reaction a pre-heater was used. The unit is working at 2 bars, and assumed to be constant. The entrance and leaving temperatures are 109. 50 0C and 325 0C. The reactor was the starting point for the calculations. The temperature values for the entering and leaving streams were found from literature, which are 325 0C and 350 0C, respectively. The reaction taken place inside is endothermic, for this reason the reactor has to be heated. For heating, molten salt was used. The pressure is 1. 8 bar, and assumed to be constant. The entrance temperature of the cooler is 350 0C and leaving is 94. 70 0C. For cooling, water was used. Instead of water a refrigerant may be used. Better results may get. But since it costs too much, it wasn’t chosen as the cooling material. From the temperature values it’s easily seen that the load is on the cooler not on the condenser, for this process. But in reality the unit cannot cool that much, and the load is mostly on the condenser. In this process, the mixture cooled down to its dew point. The pressure is 1. 5 bar, and assumed to be constant. The temperature of the entering stream is the dew point and the leaving temperature is the bubble point of the mixture. In the condenser water was used as cooling material. In the calculation of the dew and bubble points Antoine Equation was used. Trial and error was used with the help of Excel. The mixture includes acetone, i-propyl-alcohol, water and hydrogen. But hydrogen was not taken into consideration in the calculations. Since the condensation temperature of hydrogen is very low, it is not condense in the condenser. It stays in this for this reasons it has no effect on bubble and dew point calculations. Also since it does not affect the temperature calculations it’s not taken into consideration on mole and mass fraction calculations. The leaving and entering temperatures are 94. 70 0C and 81 0C, respectively. The pressure is 1. 5 bar, and assumed to be constant. Flash unit was assumed to be isothermal, for this reason temperature was not changed. It is 81 0C in the entrance and exit. The pressure is 1. 5 bar, and assumed to be constant. By trial and error method, (V / F) value was found to be 0. 2. The entrance temperature of the unit is the bubble point of the mixture, but if it was its dew point the (V/F) value would be much higher. Scrubber was assumed to be adiabatic. The temperature of water entering the unit was assumed to be 25 0C. The temperature of the off gas, including hydrogen and a very little amount of acetone, was assumed to 70 0C. But this assumption is too high, a lower temperature should have been assumed, since a lot of water is used in the unit. It should have been around 40 0C – 50 0C. The temperature of the leaving stream was found to be 28. 10 0C. The pressure of the unit is 1.. 5 bar, and assumed to be constant. The streams leaving the scrubber and flash unit are mixed together before entering the acetone column. The temperature leaving the flash unit and scrubber are 81 0C and 28. 10 0C, respectively. The temperature of the mixture was found to be 45 0C. This result was getting by using energy balance around the mixing point. The acetone column is used to separate the acetone from the mixture. The entrance temperature is 45 0C. The leaving temperatures for the top and bottom product are 102. 3 and 105, respectively, which are the bubble and dew points. Top product of the unit includes acetone i-propyl-alcohol and 99wt% of the product is acetone. This amount is assumed to be the desired acetone production rate, which is 115000 ton/year. From the bottom i-propylalcohol water and a very little amount of, 0,1 %, acetone is discharged. The pressure is 1. 1 bar, and assumed to be constant. In the distillation column, i-propyl-alcohol and water are separated. The entrance temperature is 105 0C. The leaving temperatures of the top and bottom products are both 111. 50 0C. The top product is recycled to the feed drum. For this reason it’s assumed to have the same concentration with the feed stream. But in reality a very little amount of acetone exists in the stream. It’s calculated but neglected on the recycle stream calculations. The bottom product is assumed to be pure water and it’s thrown away. Since its temperature is very high it cannot be recycled to the scrubber. But if a cooler is used, a recycle can be used. The pressure is 1. 1 bar, and assumed to be constant.