Stpm - 11641 Words

SIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIA (STPM) (MALAYSIA HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE) Student’s Manual Practical Biology Paper 964/3 (School-based Assessment) 2010/2011 Session Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia Bangunan MPM, Persiaran 1 Bandar Baru Selayang 68100 BATU CAVES Selangor Tel: 03-6136 9663 Fax: 03-6136 7329  © Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia 2010 CONTENTS page 1.0 2.0 3.0 Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3 Experiment 4 Experiment 5 Experiment 6 Experiment 7 Experiment 8 Experiment 9 Experiment 10 Experiment 11 Experiment 12 Experiment 13 Experiment 14 Experiment 15 Experiment 16 Experiment 17 Experiment 18 Experiment 19 Experiment 20 General Information Practical Work Assessment Guide Table of Summary of Experiments Determination of†¦show more content†¦1.11 For a student who has transferred to another school, the previous school is to send the student’s Student Record, which is partially completed and signed by the subject teacher, to the student’s new school. 1.12 A student whose Student Record has not been sent by the school to MPM will be considered as not having carried out the practical work and not having attended paper 964/3. STPM BIOLOGY 2.0 Practical Work Assessment Guide STUDENT’S MANUAL 2010/2011 Aspects to be assessed by the teacher are as follows: 2.1 2.2 2.3 Microscope and Slide 2.1.1 Skills in handling microscope and displaying specimens (10 marks − Skill A) 2.1.2 Product (drawing/accuracy, labels, scale, and identification) (10 marks − Product B) Biochemistry and Physiology 2.2.1 Preparation of materials, procedures, including preparation of solution and experimental substances (2 marks − Skill A) 2.2.2 Manipulative skill (4 marks − Skill A) 2.2.3 Planning and execution (structuring, planning and managing, neatness, efficiency, observation,and following instructions) (6 marks − Skill A) 2.2.4 Product (observation and drawing) (8 marks − Product B) Dissection 2.3.1 Flower (i) Manipulative skills (cutting the flower into two equal halves) (10 marks − Skill A) 2.3.2 (ii) Product (observation and drawing) (10 marks − Product B) Animal (one of 5 systems) (i) Ability to follow instructions on how to dissect and display system (6 marks − Skill A)Show MoreRelatedMUET STPM Speaking Test Tips1584 Words   |  7 PagesMUET-SPEAKING TEST TIPS MUET Useful Phrases For Speaking Test 1 What happens during a MUET Speaking Test (Paper 2)  ·Ã‚  Enter the examination hall  ·Ã‚  Check your identification with the examiner by presenting your identity card and your examination slip  ·Ã‚  Sit down as instructed by the examiner (Candidate A,B,C or D)  ·Ã‚  Read the question ONLY when you are allowed to do so. DO NOT  write anything on the question paper  ·Ã‚  You can ask the examiner if you do not understand your task ONLY after the one minuteRead MoreStpm Sem 2 Chemistry Experiment 20131775 Words   |  8 PagesExperiment 6 :Observation | KA2 | KA3 | Weight of test-tube + solid / g | | | Weight of empty test-tube / g | X1 | X2 | Weight of solid / g | | | Initial temperature of acid /  °C | | | Final temperature of mixture /  °C | ÃŽ ¸1 | ÃŽ ¸2 | Temperature change /  °C | | | Discussion :[In the experiment sheet, the is an error where questions in (c)(i) should be the heat change involved the reactions involving KA2 and KA3] (c). i : q1 = mcÃŽ ¸1 ; q = (30.00)(4.18)( ÃŽ ¸1) = q1 q2 =Read MorePeople Attend College or University for Many Different Reasons (for Example, New Experiences, Career Preparation, and Increased Knowledge). Why Do You Think People Attend College or University? Use Specific Reasons and786 Words   |  4 Pagesdegree, master certificate are needed for the people to get a place in the work field. Those with the SPM, STPM certificate are slowly eliminated by the companies now. A high level of education such as the diploma, degree, master and PhD enable the graduates to get a good post like financial analysts, accountant, engineer, doctor, banker and so on. In contrast, the people who are with the SPM or STPM level possible work as a salesman, clerk, and so on. Besides that, a good post also will get a good paidRead MoreMy Cheri shed Memory832 Words   |  4 Pagesmind was filled with questions and doubts about my studies because I was undecided about where to go to when my dad didn’t allow me to join the March intake at the local colleges. Although he tried to convince me to accept his advises by joining the STPM but my eyes were blinded with hatred, my infantile behavior at that time made me chose to blame him for not supporting my decision, and all he wanted to do was to make me surrender under his pride that I’m most certainly not willing to do so. AfterRead MoreThe Critical Issues of Malaysian Education System2047 Words   |  9 Pagespublic universities are required to finish an additional 18 months of secondary schooling in Form Six and sit the Malaysian Higher School Certificate (Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia, STPM); equivalent to the British Advanced or A levels. Since the introduction of the matriculation program as an alternative to STPM in 1999, students who completed the 12 -month program in matriculation colleges (Kolej Matrikulasi in Malay) can enroll in local universities. However, in the matriculation system, onlyRead MoreCostomer ´s Satisfaction on the Implementation of Ladies Coach for KTM Komuter1601 Words   |  7 Pagesyour marital status 0 Single 0 Married 0 Divorced 3 What is your age of your last birthday? 0 18 – 28 0 29– 39 0 40 – 49 4 What is the highest level of education that you completed 0 Less than high school 0 High school graduate (SPM, STPM) 0 Diploma 0 Bachelor 5 Race : 0 Malay 0 Chinese 0 Indian 0Others 6 How Frequent do you use Ladies Coach by KTM? 0 Always 0 Never 0 A few times 7 Where do you hear about Ladies Coach by KTM? 0 TelevisionRead MoreSpm Biology, Physic, Chemistry7539 Words   |  31 PagesSTPM/S(E)960 PEPERIKSAAN SIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIA (MALAYSIA HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE) PHYSICS Syllabus Second Edition This syllabus applies for the 1999 examination and thereafter until further notice. However the form of examination for Physics stated in this booklet was first implemented in the 2001 examination as announced through a circular, Pemberitahuan MPM/2(AM)/2000. Teachers/candidates are to advised to contact Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia for the latest information about theRead MoreThe Development and Provison of Prison Library for Juvenile1106 Words   |  5 Pagesparticularly the age of 21 years and below. The knowledge obtained will be used when they have released later. The academic programs provided by the Prisons Department of Malaysia are the 3M class recovery, PMR Pre-Class, PMR Class, SPM Pre-Class, SPM Class, STPM Class and Diploma Class (for long distance education programs). The existence of the academic classes indirectly encourages young prisoners to use the prison library to obtain information relating to the education received. Cerite pasal 1MALAYSIA Read MoreComparison of Uk and Malaysia Education6844 Words   |  28 Pagesyears of study: o  Ã‚   Lower 6 – Tingkatan Enam Rendah o  Ã‚   Upper 6 – Tingkatan Enam Atas ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Students are required to take the Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia (STPM) or Malaysian Higher School Certificate examination equivalent to the General Certificate of Education ‘A’ Levels examination or the Higher School Certificate ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  STPM internationally recognized and July be used to enter private local universities for undergraduate courses | 4.1.2 Content of primary science curriculum The basic knowledgeRead MoreFolio Kerjaya5367 Words   |  22 Pagesof concept learnt in working environment, including public accounting, private accounting or governmental accounting. Entry requirement for international students Students should have completed SPM (O-Level)- 1 year foundation plus 3 years Degree; STPM / UEC (A-Level)- 3 years Degree. Qualification Bachelor Degree Awarding body Twintech University Bachelor of Arts (Hons) in Accountancy Qualification:  Undergraduate Study mode:  Full Time Start date:  from OCT-2012 Course summary This course provide

The Enlightenment That Changed The Views Of People And...

During the 1760’s, the Enlightenment had hit Western culture with full force and lead everyone to believe in that every person was born with a clean slate, or â€Å"tabula rasa†. The Enlightenment was an era full of new ideas which changed the views of people and science. As time went on, the Romantic Era started to take form in the admiration of humans and nature. This era continued to have all people seen as equals and focused on one’s emotion. After Romanticism, Western countries discovered the importance of colonization and started to search for new land to attain. Africa and Asia provided the Western countries with what they needed, so they fought for land within these areas for resources and strategic reasons. Although all people were seen as equals in the late 1700’s and non-Westerners were admired for a short period of time, views of natives soon degraded as new ideologies began to take way in Western society. With the new ideologies from Romantici sm and Imperialism, non-Westerners soon became known as noble savages, and Social Darwinism and the â€Å"White Man’s Burden† eliminated the idea of non-Westerners being equals with Westerners. During the Enlightenment, new ideas that influenced Western ideologies were arising and making the people of the world more equal than ever. Despite the occurrence of the French and Indian War, Britain was able to see that non-Westerners shared similar values of life as they had. As a British Soldier, William Smith’s account of the French andShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Enlightenment1351 Words   |  6 PagesThe Enlightenment Throughout Europe and the new American colonies in the 18th century there was a great movement in thought. This trend that preceded the French Revolution is known as the Enlightenment. Revolutionary writers and thinkers thought that the past held only darkness and ignorance, they began to question everything. Enlightened thought entered, or intruded, into all aspects of life in the 1700s. Governments were drastically reformed, art and literature changed in scope, religionRead MoreA Great Period Of Time1528 Words   |  7 Pagesearly western world was the Bible. People lived there lives according to the bible and followed Christian tradition. â€Å"Prior to the Enlightenment, believing in God in the West was like believing in the sunrise; the answer to all the big questions of life was God† (Wade). During this time many things revolved around the bible, as did the government since the bible was the main source of knowledge. Many viewed Christianity as the centerpiece of th eir lives, but the view of many would soon change duringRead MoreThe Great Awakening And Enlightenment991 Words   |  4 Pages The ages of Great Awakening and Enlightenment were two of the earliest movements in the early colonies. These movements proved that people can be influenced in many different ways in relation to politics and religion. The Great Awakening called for the revival of the evangelical movement, while the age of Enlightenment took the focus off of the traditional church and dared colonists to apply individualistic views of religion, thus birthing many new religious denominations that challenged traditionalRead MoreThe Enlightenment Puritanism Essay807 Words   |  4 Pages The Enlightenment period, also known as The Age of Reason, was a period of social, religious, and political revolution throughout the 18th century which changed the thoughts of man during this â€Å"awakening† time. It was a liberation of ignorant thoughts, ideas, and actions that had broken away from the ignorant perception of how society was to be kept and obeyed thus giving little room for new ideas about the world. Puritan society found these new ideas of thought to be extremely radical in comparisonRead MoreAge of Enlightenment: Revolutionary Viewpoints Spreading Essay830 Words   |  4 PagesThe age of enlightenment is a term used to describe a time in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the late 17th and 18th century. (wikipedia.com) When the word enlightenment comes to mind your first thought is of change for the better. A time of prosperity and success within a country. Several individuals have been credited and blamed for leading and contributing to the Enlightenment. These thinkers not only changed their views, but also spread revolutionary ideas to others. TheseRead MoreThe Enlightenment Period : The Age Of Reason1332 Words   |  6 PagesAge of Awareness The Enlightenment period, also known as The Age of Reason, was a highly intellectual movement of the late seventeenth century and the eighteenth century Europe. This development highlighted reasoning, equality and more of a humanistic approach was taken as opposed to traditional practice. This period was heavily influenced by scientific thought, skepticism and intellectual stimulation. The plan of this era was to reform society and the way it used reasoning as well as oppose longRead MoreEverlasting Changes During the Enlightenment1512 Words   |  6 PagesThe Enlightenment marked the beginning of a revolution that began to utilize reason to base knowledge and truth. It was a new way of thinking and interpreting people and societies. Encompassing over seventy years, the Enlightenment spread drastically throughout the world, motivated by improving intellect and the human society. Scholars congregated at coffeehouses to debate and further their learning in a far less formal many than institutions. Enlightenment thinkers were a unique group intolerantRead MoreThe Church And The System Of Monarchy1430 Words   |  6 Pagesof the church and the system of the monarchy was the way the cities and countries were ruled and people would not question it because it was the way that they must be follow or else there would be consequences. Although there were those who constantly reinforced the old customs, change is inventible in history. People stopped listening to the church and started to learn for themselves. The enlightenment period was born and the old world was a talk of the past. It completely reinvented the ideas andRead MoreEnlightenment and Puritans782 Words   |  4 Pages The Enlightenment period, also known as The Age of Reason, was a period of social, religious, and political revolution throughout the 18th century which changed the thoughts of man during this â€Å"awakening† time. It was a liberation of ignorant thoughts, ideas, and actions that had broken away from the ignorant perception of how society was to be kept and obeyed thus giving little room for new ideas about the world. Puritan society found these new ideas of thought to be extremely radical in comparisonRead MoreWhat Is the Enlightenment? How Was This Question Answered by 18th Century Thinkers? and How Have Their Ideas Influenced Our Understanding of Modernity?962 Words   |  4 PagesThe Enlightenment of the eighteenth century was an intellectual movement and was seen to have different definitions created by a range of philosophes during and after the enlightenment period. These philosophers included Immanuel Kant, John Locke, Francis Bacon, Marquis de Condorcet, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Rene Descartes. Some believed that the enlightenment somewhat defined what we now call modernity and consider to be human. Immanuel Kant quoted in his famous 1784 essay, the â€Å"Enlightenment is

Teen Britain The shocking Truth(TM) article Free Essays

Bullying, drugs, alcohol and sex were a few of the issues raised in this article, published on the 27th November 2005 as facing teenagers in today’s society. As one of these young adults in our civilisation, I feel that it is my duty to defend myself and others like me in the face of such criticism. Firstly some of the points mentioned in your article I fully understand and agree with. We will write a custom essay sample on Teen Britain: The shocking Truth(TM) article or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example, I agree that there are too many teenagers in society who are taking drugs or drinking alcohol whilst roaming our streets. You state that, â€Å"72% of 14 year olds have consumed alcohol†. This growing incidence of alcohol and drug use could also be a factor in the rise of the crime rate. However, I don’t think that the press or general public can put all of the blame for this on today’s teenagers, their families or the area in which they live. I think that the media has had a part to play in this and so should accept some of the blame. One of the reasons I think this, is that it wasn’t so long ago that many newspapers and television documentaries claimed that cannabis didn’t have any side effects or create long term damage; however, we are now being told by the media that there are serious side effects to cannabis, such as, that it the effects the quickness of the brain and how well you learn in class. Cannabis is proven to affect concentration spans so therefore pupils will not be able to take as much in during lessons. This may be one of the reasons for teenagers becoming addicted to drugs as they have been given mixed messages about the use and effects of them. In my opinion, the media is to blame for some of the negative behaviour that we are seeing from the teenagers of today. The main reason for my belief is that the media publicise a lot of the bad behaviour of teenagers; for example, young teenagers getting pregnant or drunk. However, I feel that the media very rarely praise teenagers for good behaviour and the achievement of some amazing goals. For example, good exam results, helping charities or helping out at home in difficult situations. Furthermore, some negative teenage behaviour, like smoking and drinking are activities shown on many popular television programmes, such as ‘Footballers Wives’ and ‘Bad Girls’. After watching such programmes, some teenagers see these activities as cool and copy what they have watched. The media may also be influencing some teenagers to behave badly, as some of them crave to be famous and they feel that the only way to achieve this ambition is to do something delinquent, as they see these sorts of things getting attention every day. However, the media plays its part in the negative behaviour of teenagers in Britain today, so do a lot of people living in our country and indeed the laws we follow. It isn’t the teenagers’ fault that they believe that drinking alcohol will not harm them, as this is what they have been led to believe by our new licensing laws; These allow pubs and clubs to open for much longer and therefore make alcohol more readily available. Also the companies that are selling alcohol are partly to blame as they create new drinks which appeal to a younger market by making them taste more like soft drinks. Instead of marketing alcohol to teenagers people should be making young people aware of the dangers of alcohol and binge drinking. Adolescents should be advised to drink in small amounts and not go out binge drinking like these laws may encourage. Your article is extremely negative with its facts. You suggest that a percentage of teenagers have done something disapproving rather than celebrating the percentage of teenagers who have not. For example, instead of saying that â€Å"32% of 14 year olds have had sexual intercourse†, you could have said that 68% of 14 year olds have not had sexual intercourse. By being so negative you make teenagers sound as bad as you can, rather than praising the ones who aren’t like this. This makes it far easier for the people reading your article to stereotype teenagers and jump to conclusions; however we are not all like you suggest. Finally, I would like to question the facts and statistics presented in this article as I don’t always fully agree. I don’t think that you have taken a big enough sample of teenagers in Britain, also I don’t think that you have asked teenagers to complete your surveys in enough areas of Britain. Therefore, I question how you can support some of your statements as you seem to are stereotype all teenagers in Britain to be like the few you have spoken to. Would you like someone to go and speak to one or two people in your street and say you were the same as them? No, I didn’t think you would. Well, is it fair that you have done this to the teenagers of Britain? How to cite Teen Britain: The shocking Truth(TM) article, Papers

Business Law Legal Relationship and Legal Capacity

Question: Discuss about the Business Law for Legal Relationship and Legal Capacity. Answer: Introduction The elements of valid contract need to be discussed in order to make it clear whether there existed a valid contract between Ben and Alan. The main elements of contract that is valid are offer, acceptance, consideration, intention to form a legal relationship and legal capacity. Elements of Valid Contract There are five essential elements that are there to contract that are required to be complied with for a valid contract: The first step of forming a contract that is valid is an offer; this defines the willingness of a person to contract in line with terms that have been specified. Further the intentions of these terms are to make the offers terms binding as soon as the same are accepted by the parties. An offer has two parties (i) the one who makes the offer, offeror and (ii) the one to whom the offer has been made There are three requirements that need to be fulfilled for an offer (i) exchange terms should be there, (b) willingness should be there of the offeror to make the contract binding, and (c) once there is acceptance of the offer there is power that has been given to the offeree to make the offeror bind to the same and the offeree cannot retract the offer. Acceptance is when all the conditions and terms of a contract have been accepted unconditionally. It is necessary to communicate the acceptance of the offer to the offeree to make it effective. It can be an oral and a written communication. There should not be any kind of undue influence or duress otherwise; the contract may not be recognized legally(Balfour v Balfour, 1919). It is necessary the for an enforceable promise there needs to be a consideration attached to it. This consideration is something which in the eye of law has some value attached to it. Legal intention needs to be there for creating a relationship that is binding legally. This under the law is determined on the basis of facts of each case. In Social and Domestic Agreements, there is the presumption of law that intention did not exist for the creation of the relationship that was binding legally (Balfour Case). The Final element is that of legal capacity which means people who are minors (in Singapore with effect from March 2009 the age of a minor is 18 years) or mental incapacity. Facts of Case Alan an avid drinker who loved to try out exotic and Ben sells alcohol; he made an offer to sell vodka that was Russian distilled (according to him) to Alan. Issue Is there a valid contract between Ben and Alan? Application of Law In this contract of sale an offer has been made by Ben for selling the alcohol to Alan and the same has been accepted to Ben. There was no undue influence or duress on the part of either of the parties. There was consideration paid to Alan in return of a the Vodka for which a payment receipt as a proof of such payment was given to Alan. There exists an intention to create a relationship that is legal because this is a contract of sale which is commercial in nature. This contract of sale forms a relationship of seller and buyer which make it recognized legally. Further, as it is alcohol which is being sold and bought, the presumption can be made that neither of the parties are legally incapacitated to make such contract. Conclusion There exists a valid contract between Ben and Allan since the elements of contract have been satisfied. Introduction When a product is being sold it needs to comply with the provisions of Sale of Goods Act. Since in this given situation there is alcohol which is being the SGA would be need to be complied with. Rule of Law The section 14(2A) of the Sale of Goods Act (SGA) states that the satisfactory quality is required to be met by the goods which is the standard which any person who is reasonable would regard as satisfactory, taking into account the goods description, the relevant price and any other circumstances that are relevant("Ch.09 Domestic Sale of Goods", 2016). This type of inquiry is (a) objective in nature since it is from a reasonable persons point of view placed in the position of the buyer who has background and knowledge, and (ii) considering all or any factor at every step that may be relevant to the given person(Compact Metal Industries Ltd v PPG Industries (Singapore) Ltd, 2006)(National Foods Ltd v Pars Ram Brothers (Pte) Ltd, 2007). The section 14 (2B) qualities of goods include various conditions and their state, and its safety is one of the aspects that need to be considered for the quality to be satisfactory(Nair, 1984). In the case wherein the buyer requires the good to possess qualities that are special and the same was made known to the seller the standards under 14(3) would be higher then those placed under section 14(2). In this case the seller would be liable if the goods are not suited to the purpose that is special even if the general quality is satisfied(National Foods Ltd v Pars Ram Brothers (Pte) Ltd, 2007). Facts of the Case Alan had informed Ben that he needed Russian Vodka to which Ben confirmed to Alan that the Alcohol provided by him was Russian Distilled Vodka. Issue Whether any statutory provisions are being contravened by Ben under the Sale of Goods Act? Application of Law Ben has contravened the Sale of Goods Act section 14 (2A) under which no reasonable person would in the place of Alan consider the goods to be of safe quality since Alan had clearly asked for Russian Distilled Vodka and Ben had sold him bootleg alcohol saying that it was Russian Distilled. Further section 14(2B) is of SGA is also violated since the goods supplied are not safe. Also, there was a higher implication that was placed on Ben under Section 14(3) since special reliance had been placed on him at the time of buying of the product. Conclusion There has been a clear violation of the provisions of the SFA by Ben. Rule of Law Introduction Ths receipt was given to Alan with the exclusion after the contract had been formed whether the same would be binding on Alan. Applicable Law The term receipt means when a party in writing acknowledges that they have received from a person who name has been mentioned on the receipt consideration that which the receipt has been specified in the receipt. Apart from this acknowledgment of receiving certain consideration there sometimes is also the acceptance of their being a particular agreement between the parties. However, the receipt is only contracted's prima facie evidence that it exists between the parties. Further with respect to incorporation of terms in an agreement, it must be noted that the main requirement for the court to consider a term as incorporated in the agreement is that the notice of the same has to be given either during the agreement to the contract or prior to it. In the landmark case of Olley v. Marlborough Court Hotel case, it was stated that it to be considered for a term to be incorporated in a contract the notice of the same has to be given either prior or at the time when the contract is being formed (Olley v. Marlborough Court Hotel, 1949). In this case, where a hotel room was booked by the claimant which the defendant owned there was a notice in the room of the hotel that the hotel shall not be held liable for any stolen o lost goods unless it had been specifically given to the management for safe-keeping. The coat of the claimant was stolen from the room, and she sued the hotel for the same. The court opined that since it was after the formation of the contract, which was at the reception of the hotel, that she became aware of the terms i.e. once she reached the room she could claim for damages.(Articles and conditions of building contract, 2011). Further, it should be noted that it is in the document of contract that the exclusion clause must be incorporated. This document of the contract which by a person is considered to reasonably contain the terms and condition of the contract it should not be the consideration's mere acknowledgment such as a receipt. In the case of Parker vs. SE Railway Co. Mr. Parker had left his bag in a cloak roam that was run by the South Eastern Railway Company (Parker v. SE Railway Co., 1877). A payment of two pence was made by him and the bag deposited for this he was given a ticket. There was instruction on the front side of the ticket to read the back in which it was mentioned that the railway would not be liable for goods that were worth 10 pounds or more. Since Mr. Parker this was only a receipt he did not read this though he admitted that he was aware of the fact that there was some kind of writing on the ticket. Mr. Parker's bag which was valued at more than 10 pounds was lost. The company w as sued for the same. The question that was put forth before the court was whether the clause applied to Mr. Parker or not. The jury opined it was reasonable on Mr. Parker's part for not reading the ticket's conditions as considering it was only a receipt. Facts of the Case A receipt was issued by Alan to Ben for the purchase of Vodka that was made which stated that "Product sold are not refundable nor the seller responsible for the safety of the products". Issue Whether the statement printed is valid and enforceable? Application of Law In the light of the discussions and case laws mentioned above it is evident that in the case of Allan and Ben the clause of exclusion that had been added in the receipt was necessary to be informed to Ben either at the time when the contract was being made or before the contract was being for it to be considered as an exclusion in the contract however since the same was informed to him after the sale of contract had completed it would not be considered as an exclusion clause of the contract and damages can be claimed by Ben from Allan as in the Case of Olley v. Marlborough Hills. Further, also it should be noted that as in the case of Parker v. SE Railway, since the clause was mentioned on a receipt it would be reasonable for Allan to ignore the same. Conclusion Receipt is only an evidence of contract. Further an exclusion clause would only be considered to be a part of the contract when notice of the same has been given either before or at the time of contract formation. Introduction Alans friends got sick due to consumption of Alcohol provided by Ben. The cause of action is to be brought by them against them. Rule of Law It is first essential to establish that duty of care existed for claiming damages for negligence. If there is proximity between the defendant and the plaintiff a duty of care would be said to have existed. A reasonable test of foreseeability exists for establishing the duty of care. A duty of care shall be owed towards the plaintiff where it can be reasonably foreseen that harm may be caused due to an act or an omission to the plaintiff by the defendant (Donoghue v Stevenson, 1932). The product liability principle was established in the case of Donoghue v. Stevenson; wherein it was stated that a duty of care existed even in the case where there was no proximity between the parties nor was there any contract (Donoghue v Stevenson, 1932). Further, it also stated that reasonable care was required to be taken for avoiding acts or omissions that could be reasonably foreseen that could likely cause injury to the neighbor. Those that are affected directly and closely by an act are neighbors(Donoghue v Stevenson, 1932). In the sale of goods, the duty of care is owed to the ultimate consumer even if there was no chance on inspection of the product. Thus it can be stated in the purview of the product liability principle that had been established that it was towards the ultimate consumers that the duty was owed and also towards the neighbor to ensure that no omission or act caused any harm. Causation requires it to be necessary that negligence should be harms necessary condition, and that harm is falling within the defendants scope of liability. The issue of remoteness and causation are separately tended to, the but for test is the key tens when it comes to causation which basically question whether there could have been sustaining of the loss but for the negligence of the defendant. The case of Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington HMC (1969) is a leading case in this regard(Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington, 1969). Thus in the case of Alan's friends and the alcohol supplied by Ben if we apply the but for the principle, it can clearly be stated that had it not been for the harmful alcohol they would not have fallen sick hence the harm falls within the scope of liability of Ben. The section 2(2) of the UCTA states that the terms that are unfair will be void and the rest of the contract to the extent it is capable of operating without such term would be applicable on the parties(Holly, 2016). Privity of contract means that third party cannot be bound by a contract between two parties. However, non-contractual obligations and rights are not restricted under. Particularly liability of negligence would not be restricted under it. Facts of the Case After drinking the alcohol brought by Alan, Alans friends got really sick. Issue Whether Alans friends can sue Ben? Application of Law There has been a breach of duty on the part of Ben when he sold the bootleg alcohol to Alan since it could have been reasonably foreseen by him that any person who would be drinking the alcohol could be harmed. Thus, since there has been a breach of duty on the part of Alan by selling harmful bootleg alcohol he would be held liable for it even by Alan's friends, and there is no remoteness of relationship as, as per the product liability principle it is the ultimate towards whom the duty of care is owed. Further privity of the contract would not be applicable on Alans friends as there has been negligence on the part of Ben. Conclusion Alans friends can sue Ben because there is a duty of care that exists towards the ultimate customer and there has been a breach of the same. References Articles and conditions of building contract. (2011). Singapore. Balfour v Balfour, 2 KB 571 (1919). Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington, HMC (1969). Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company, EWCA Civ 1 (1892). Ch.09 Domestic Sale of Goods. (2016).Singaporelaw.sg. Retrieved 4 July 2016, from https://www.singaporelaw.sg/sglaw/laws-of-singapore/commercial-law/chapter-9 Compact Metal Industries Ltd v PPG Industries (Singapore) Ltd, SGHC 242 (2006). Donoghue v Stevenson, AC 562, 580. (1932). Nair, G. (1984).A guide to consumer law sale of goods. Singapore: Quins. National Foods Ltd v Pars Ram Brothers (Pte) Ltd, 2 SLR(R) 1048 (2007). Neyers, J., Bronaugh, R., Pitel, S. (2009).Exploring contract law. Oxford: Hart Pub. Olley v. Marlborough Court Hotel, 1 KB 532 (1949). Parker v. SE Railway Co., 2 CPD 416 (1877). Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd., 1 Q.B. 401 (1953). Holly, L. (2016). An overview and analysis of the National Unfair Contract Terms Provisions.Epublications.bond.edu.au. Retrieved 23 June 2016, from https://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1396context=law_pubs